Article

Arina G.A., Iosifyan M.A., Nikolaeva V.V. (2018). Explicit and implicit values are associated with decisionmaking in dilemmas related to health. National Psychological Journal, 4, 77–85.

Abstract

Background. Individuals who aim at changing their health behaviour do not always handle the issue immediately. This discrepancy is usually referred to as the intention behaviour gap. Implicit processes are one of the factors which mediate between intention and behaviour. Compared to cognitive and affective implicit processes, motivational implicit processes are given a very little account in the modern science. Currently it is not quite clear how implicit and explicit values are focused on within the health-related decision-making process.

Objective. The present study shows how implicit and explicit values and their congruency are focused on health-related decision-making process in dilemmas. The dilemmas were described as situations within which the subjects report on making a choice: either to avoid losses related to health, or to avoid losses related to other values. Choosing health, the participant avoids losses related to it, whereas they acquire losses related to other values, and vice versa.

Design. The participants participated in the Schwartz’s Value Survey (measuring explicit values), Implicit Association Tests (measuring implicit values) and solve three types of dilemmas (health vs benevolence, health vs self-direction, health vs achievement).

Research Results. The research shows that implicit and explicit values are not related to each other and are differently related to decision-making process in dilemmas. Namely, implicit values of achievement, benevolence and self-direction are related to decision-making in dilemmas with low potential losses. Many of these values turn to be significant to the participants, and some of the dilemmas are not solved in favour of health-related issues. Explicit values are related to decision-making process in dilemmas with high potential losses. Many of these values turn to be significant to the participants, and some of the dilemmas are not solved in favour of health-related issues. Finally, it was found that high correlation between explicit and implicit values is positively related to decision making in favor of health.

Conclusion. The research shows that explicit and implicit values are differently associated with health-related decision-making in the participants.

Received: 10/09/2018
Accepted: 10/28/2018
Pages: 77-85
DOI: 10.11621/npj.2018.0407

PDF: Download

Keywords: motivation; values; implicit processes; health; decision-making;

Available Online 30.01.2019

Fig 1а. High loss dilemmas (median and standard error are).* Z = -2.821, p = .005; ** Z = -2.578, p = .010; NS difference is insignificant.

Fig 1b. Low loss dilemmas (median and standard error are).* Z = -3.007, p = .003; ** Z = -3.570, p = .000; NS difference is insignificant.

Table 1. Regression model for solutions to low loss dilemmas

Variable	Estimate	SE	df	t-value	p-value
Sex and Age
Sex	0.237	0.29	49.29	0.802	0.426
Age	0.013	0.15	46.20	0.087	0.931
Implicit Values
Health	0.129	0.39	27.77	0.335	0.740
Other Values	-0.731	0.34	50.99	-2.160	0.035
Explicit values
Safety	-0.222	0.21	15.13	-1.070	0.301
Other Values	-0.096	0.13	118.82	-0.738	0.462
Consistency of explicit and implicit values
Consistency	0.799	0.24	41.04	3.305	0.002

NB. Estimate – standard error; SE – standard deviation; df – degree of freedom.

Table 2. Regression model for solutions to high loss dilemmas

Variable	Estimate	SE	df	t-value	p-value
Sex and Age
Sex	0.005	0.258	50.62	0.021	0.984
Age	-0.042	0.133	46.95	-0.319	0.751
Implicit Values
Health	0.141	0.365	23.51	0.387	0.703
Other Values	-0.209	0.283	62.53	-0.739	0.463
Explicit values
Safety	-0.176	0.180	45.84	-0.975	0.335
Other Values	-0.247	0.109	114.31	-2.260	0.023
Consistency of explicit and implicit values
Consistency	0.551	0.214	34.96	2.571	0.015

NB. Estimate – standard error; SE – standard deviation; df – degree of freedom.

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For citing this article:

Arina G.A., Iosifyan M.A., Nikolaeva V.V. (2018). Explicit and implicit values are associated with decisionmaking in dilemmas related to health. National Psychological Journal, 4, 77–85.