Recieved: 08/30/2022
Accepted: 10/26/2022
Published: 12/30/2022
Keywords: sales manager; chronic stress; temporal self-regulation; time perspective; self-organization of activity; self-management of time; time syndrome
p.: 80–90
DOI: 10.11621/ npj.2022.0408
Available online: 30.12.2022
Shirokaya, Marina Yu., Matvey V. Gorbatych. Chronic stress and temporal self-regulation in sales managers. // National Psychological Journal 2022. 4. p.80–90. doi: 10.11621/ npj.2022.0408
Copied to Clipboard
Copy
Objective. The study focuses on the multi-level indicators of temporal self-regulation in chronic stress in the hard work of representatives of managerial professions. To achieve the goal, the task of conducting an empirical study aimed at identifying the features of self-organization, self-management and experiencing time at work, as well as finding the place and role of time aspects in the chronic stress development among sales managers was set.
Sample. The sample is represented by 154 sales managers (mean age 34 years, 56 men, 95 women) working in large wholesale and several small wholesale trade and industrial organizations in different cities of Russia.
Methods. Data collection was carried out electronically using Google forms questionnaires. The study was conducted in 2019–2020.
To study the level of occupational stress, the methodology “Questionnaire for assessing the level of experiences of acute and chronic stress” was used (Leonova, Kachina, 2007). In order to study the assessment of working time and its experience, the “Time Perspective Questionnaire” (Zimbardo, Sword, Sword, 2017), “Manager’s Time Syndrome” (Vodopyanova, 2018), “Questionnaire for Self-Organization of Activities” (Mandrikova, 2010) and the questionnaire “Overall indicator of the effectiveness of the system of self-management of working time”, specially developed by our group, were used.
Results. We have obtained numerous interrelations between indicators of chronic stress and temporal self-regulation. Such predictors of chronic stress as temporal orientation to the negative past, lack of expressiveness of aspirations to the future and hedonistic present were identified. The presence of chronic stress and the experience of lack of time were predictors for a decrease in the effectiveness of self-management of working time (time management) among sales managers.
Conclusion. The multi-level indicators of temporal self-regulation considered, including temporal orientations, experience of lack of time, self-organization of activities and time management, can on the one hand, be predictors of chronic stress, while on the other hand, act as a resource for overcoming it in the activities of sales managers.
Bodrov, V.A. (2006). Psychological stress: the development of teaching and the current state of the problem. M.: PER SE. (In Russ.).
Chevrenidi, A.A. (2019). Vzaimosvyaz’ vremennoj perspektivy i prokrastinacii u sotrudnikov raznogo dolzhnostnogo statusa: Diss. ... kand. psikhol. nauk. (The relationship of time perspective and procrastination among employees of different job status: dissertation). Ph.D. (Psychology). M. (In Russ.).
Gusserl, E., Schnell, A. (2019). Phenomenology of time. M.: Ripol-Klassik. (In Russ.).
Heidegger, M. (2003). Being and time. Kharkiv: Folio. (In Russ.).
Van Hedger, K., Necka, E.A., Barakzai, A.K., Norman, G.J. (2017). The influence of social stress on time perception and psychophysiological reactivity. Psychophysiology, 54 (5), 706–712. doi: 10.1111/psyp.12836
Kuznetsova, A.S., Titova, M.A. (2020). Psychological methods of self-regulation of the state as a means of preventing occupational stress. In Yu.P. Zinchenko, V.I. Morosanova (Eds.), Psychology of self-regulation: evolution of approaches and challenges of the time (pp. 372–404). M.; SPb.: Nestor-Istoriya. (In Russ.).
Leonova, A.B. (2000). Basic approaches to the study of occupational stress. Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriya 14. Psikhologiya (Moscow University Psychology Bulletin), 3, 4–21. (In Russ.).
Leonova, A.B. (2004). Comprehensive strategy for the analysis of professional stress. Psihhologicheskij zhurnal (Psychological journal), 24 (2), 75–85. (In Russ.).
Leonova, A.B. (2020). System methodology for analyzing the mechanisms of regulation of the functional states of a working person. In Yu.P. Zinchenko, V.I. Morosanova (Eds.), Psychology of self-regulation: evolution of approaches and challenges of time (pp. 37–65). M.; SPb.: Nestor-Istoriya. (In Russ.).
Leonova, A., Kachina, A. (2007). Stress management technology of stress management in professional activities. Upravlenie personalom (Personnel Management), 9, 81–84. (In Russ.).
Leonova, A.B., Kuznetsova, A.S. (2019). Structural-integrative approach to the analysis of functional states: the history of creation and development prospects. Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriya 14. Psikhologiya (Moscow University Psychology Bulletin), 1, 83–91. (In Russ.).
Lin, H., Epstein, L.H. (2014). Living in the Moment: Effects of Time Perspective and Emotional Valence of Episodic Thinking on Delay Discounting. Behavioral Neuroscience, 128 (1), 12–19.
Mandrikova, E.Yu. (2010). Development of a questionnaire for self-organization of activity (SOA). Psikhologicheskaya diagnostika (Psychological diagnostics), 2, 59–83. (In Russ.).
Maslach, K. (2001). Professional burnout: how people cope. Workshop on social psychology. SPb.: Piter. (In Russ.).
Nelson, D.L, Simmons, B.L. (2003). Health psychology and work stress: A more positive approach. In J.C. Quick, L.E. Tetrick (Eds.), Handbook of occupational health psychology (pp. 97–119). American Psychological Association.
Nikulina, E.V. (2017). Transformation of subjective time in extreme situations among law enforcement officers. Gumanitarnye nauchnye issledovaniya (Humanitarian scientific research), 10. (Retrieved from http://human.snauka.ru/2017/10/24476) (review date: 03.27.2019). (In Russ.).
Organizational psychology: A Textbook. (2022). In A.B. Leonova (Eds.). M.: INFRA-M. (In Russ.).
Popova, O.N. (2018). Styles of regulation of activity of life in accordance with the balance of the temporal perspective of the individual. Vestnik Kemerovskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta (Bulletin of the Kemerovo State University), 3, 113–120. https://doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2018-3-113-120 (In Russ.).
Shirokaya, M.Yu. (2019a). “Space of time” as an actual problem of labor psychology. Mir psikhologii (World of Psychology), 2 (98), 150–160. (In Russ.).
Shirokaya, M.Yu. (2019b). Perception of time intervals in different functional states of a working person. Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriya 14. Psikhologiya (Moscow University Psychology Bulletin), 4, 141–157. (In Russ.).
Shirokaya, M.Yu. (2020). Temporal self-regulation of educational activity among students with different levels of academic success in conditions of time deficit. Aktual’nye problemy gumanitarnyh i estestvennyh nauk (Psychology of Self-Regulation in the Context of Actual Problems of Education (to the 90th Anniversary of O.A. Konopkin)), 1, 136–142. doi: 10.24412/cl-36466-2021-1136-142 (In Russ.).
Syrtsova, A., Sokolova, E.T., Mitina, O.V. (2008). Adaptation of the personal time perspective questionnaire by F. Zimbardo. Psik- hologicheskij zhurnal (Psychological journal), 29 (3), 101–109. (In Russ.).
Uvarov, E.A. (2018). Building a life perspective as an alternative to the state of hopelessness. Vestnik Tambovskogo universiteta. Seriya Gumanitarnye nauki (Bulletin of the Tambov University. Series Humanities), 23 (172), 23–34. doi: 10.20310/1810-0201-2018- 23-172-23-34 (In Russ.).
Vodopyanova, N.E. (2018). Stress management: A textbook for undergraduate and graduate studies. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo Yurayt. (In Russ.).
Wittmann, M. (2009). The inner experience of time. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 364 (1525), 1955–1967.
Zaitseva, Yu.E. (2018). Time of meaning: narrative modus of time perspective. Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo universiteta. Psihologiya i pedagogika (Bulletin of St. Petersburg University. Psychology and pedagogy), 8 (1), 16–33. https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu16.2018.102 (In Russ.).
Zakharova, A.Yu., Trusova, A.V. (2019). Temporal perspective of personality in affective disorders: a review of scientific research. Vestnik Rossijskogo universiteta druzhby narodov. Seriya: Psihologiya i pedagogika (Bulletin of the Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia. Series: Psychology and Pedagogy), 16 (3), 435–450. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-1683-2019-16-3-435-450 (In Russ.).
Zimbardo, F., Sword, R., Sword, R. (2017). Time as a medicine. SPb.: Piter. (In Russ.).
Zhuravlev, A.L., Sergienko, E.A., Tarabrina, N.V., Kharlamenkova, N.E. (2016). Psychology of everyday and traumatic stress: threats, consequences and coping. M.: Institut psikhologii RAN. (In Russ.).
Shirokaya, Marina Yu., Matvey V. Gorbatych. Chronic stress and temporal self-regulation in sales managers. // National Psychological Journal 2022. 4. p.80–90. doi: 10.11621/ npj.2022.0408
Copied to Clipboard
Copy