ISSN 2079-6617 (Print)
ISSN 2309-9828 (Online)
ISSN 2309-9828 (Online)
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Member of Russian Academy of Education
Dean, Faculty of Psychology, Lomonosov Moscow State University
Editor-in-Chief, Journal “Moscow University Bulletin. Series 14. Psychology”
Editor-in-Chief, “National Psychological Journal”
Yuri Petrovich Zinchenko is full professor in the Faculty of Psychology of Lomonosov Moscow State University. He earned a Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology from Moscow State University in 1998. He is dean of the Faculty of Psychology and chair of Department of Methodology of Psychology at Moscow State University.
He is associate member of the Russian Academy of Education; president of the Russian Psychological Society; head clinical psychologist in the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation; member of Lomonosov MSU Academic Board; president of the Academic Board of the Faculty of Psychology (Lomonosov MSU); president of MSU Dissertation Committee D501.001.15; member of the Commission for Education of the Russian Academy of Sciences; chairman of the Psychological Section of the Education Board for Classical University Education of Russia; deputy chairman of the Psychology Expert Board of the State Commission for Academic Degrees and Titles at Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation); Honorary President of the Society of Law Enforcement Agencies’ Psychologists; member of a number of scientific and methodological commissions and expert boards of the Security Council of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergency Management and Natural Disasters Response, the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, and the Public Chamber of the Russian Federation.
He is member of the Presidium of IUPsyS under UNESCO; member of the IAAP administration; member of the EFPA Executive Council; Honorary Member of the Human Science Center at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Germany; Honorary Professor at the University Paris III (Sorbonne), France; Docteur Honoris Causa (Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Portugal).
Dr. Zinchenko is a well-known scientist in Russia and abroad specializing in the methodology of psychology and the psychology of safety. He has successfully developed and applied Lev S. Vygotsky’s Cultural-Historical approach to fundamental psychological research from the perspective of postnonclassical methodology; applied this approach in several branches of psychological research, including the psychology of safety and counter-terrorism; together with academician Viktor A. Sadovnichy, suggested and used supercomputer calculations to process data packages and formalize patterns of functional state of human under extreme conditions; was the first scientist in Russia to have used the technologies of virtual reality (CAVE format) in psychological research; developed scientific and methodological recommendations on the implementation of safety practices aimed at preventing youth from getting involved in terrorist activities; developed a dynamic model of the psychological security of person and society; studied issues related to the ethics of conducting psychological research and psychological practice.
Dr. Zinchenko delivers lectures on the methodology of psychology, health psychology, psychology of safety and psychology of terrorism; has supervised two Drs. Sc. and 10 Cands. Sc. to date; was Head of the project “Developing a System of Innovative Education at Lomonosov MSU in the Field of Psychology” (part of the federal project Education), within the framework of which innovative programs of training masters in the psychology of safety and the psychology of negotiations and conflict resolution were launched. He has developed the Third Generation of Federal State Educational Standards for such special fields as “Theoretical and Experimental Psychology”, “Occupational Psychology”, “Clinical Psychology”, as well as for programs of training masters in psychology and the program of senior managers in the field of psychology of public service.
Dr. Zinchenko supervised the following scientific projects backed with grants from the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation: “Conducting Fundamental Research in Psychology” (2009), “Elaboration of Innovation Methods of Research, Educational and Practical Activity of Psychologist with Application of Virtual Reality Technologies” (2009-2011), “Methodological Issues of Applying Modern IT to Psychology of Safety” (2010-2012), “Developing a Methodological Basis for Modeling Psychological and Psycophysiological Mechanisms of Human's Functional State through the Use of Supercomputers” (2011-2012). He headed the following research projects: “Socio-psychological Methods and Models of Increasing Effectiveness of Counter-Terrorist Activities” (2005-2006), “Psychological Methods and Models of Increasing Effectiveness of Counter-Terrorist Activities in Changing Russia” (2006-2008), “Methodological Bases of Virtual Reality Applications in Psychology” (2009-2011), “Tolerance as a Factor of Countering Xenophobia” (2010).
He was backed with a grant within the framework of the International Program of Russian-Swiss Scientific Collaboration (a research project “Executive functions in Preterm Born Children: Cognitive, Neuronal and Behavioral Aspects”, 2010-2011).
Dr. Zinchenko headed the following research projects in the field of health psychology carried out under the auspices of the Civic Chamber of the Russian Federation and the All-Russian Non-Governmental Organization “The League of National Health”: “Health Psychology: Innovations in Science, Education and Practice” (2006-2007), “The First Open All-Russian Student Competition of Social Advertising and Social Projects “Russia without Tobacco” (2009), “Psychological Support of Rehabilitation and Drug Addiction Prevention” (2011-2012).
Dr. Zinchenko has founded a scientific school rewarded with a grant from the President of the Russian Federation for the federal support of leading scientific schools of the Russian Federation. The school’s projects have been supported by the Federal Special Program “Scientific and Academic Staff in Innovative Russia for 2009-2013”.
He has over 180 scholarly publications, including those in foreign languages and is author and co-author of 46 books.
Dr. Zinchenko is the Editor-in-Chief of a number leading psychological journals: “Russian Psychological Journal”, “National Psychological Journal”, “The Moscow University Herald. Series 14. Psychology”, annual “Psychology in Russia: State of the Art”, and a member of the editorial boards of the journals “Methodology and History of Psychology”, “Psychology and Natural Science”, “Psychology and Social Studies”, “Cognitive Science”, “Bulletin of Practical Educational Psychology”, “Forensic Psychology”, “The World of Psychology”, “Bulletin of South Ural State University. Series “Psychology”, “Siberian Psychological Journal”. He is the Executive Editor of the series “Classical MSU University Textbook”, a member of the Scientific Editorial Board of the publishing house Ekonomika and a member of the Editorial Advisory Board of the Russian Academy of Education.
Dr. Zinchenko has been decorated with the medals “In honor of the 850th Anniversary of Moscow” and “For Cooperation between Rescue Services”. He is the Russian Government Education Award recipient and Honored Fellow of Higher Professional Education of the Russian Federation.
(2015) Psychology of securit. Textbook. Moscow: Urait (co-author with A.Dontsov, E.Perelygina, & O.Zotova).
(2013) "Lomonosov" school competition in psychology: methodological recommendations. Moscow: KDU (co-author with Volodarskaya I.A., Matyushkina A.A., & Shilko R.S.).
(2012). Vygotsky, une théorie du développement et de l'éducation: recueil de textes et commentaires (Y.Zinchenko, & F.Yvon, Eds.). Moscow: MSU.
(2012). Macro-psychological aspects of Russia Security. Moscow: Optimum Group (co-author with A.Dontsov, E.Perelygina, & O.Zotova).
(2011). Methodological Issues of Security Psychology. Personality, Society, State. Moscow: MSU.
(2011). Psychology of Virtual Reality. Moscow: MSU.
(2011). Psychology of Public Service. Moscow: MSU (co-author with A.Soroko, A.Potapkin, &V.Fiveisky).
(2011). Sport Psychology. Moscow: MSU (co-author with A. Tonevitsky, A.Veraksa, S.Isaythchev, S.Leonov, et al.).
(2011). Theoretical and methodological foundation of psychological research: determination and social value. Moscow.
(2011). Tolerance as a Factor of Opposition to Xenophobia: Control of Xenophobia Risks in the Risk Society (Ed.). Moscow.
(2011). The person as a subject and an object of Media-Psychology (Ed.). Moscow: MSU
(2010). Security Foundation of Personality and Society. Moscow.
(2010). Psychology of Corporation Security. Moscow (co-author with E.Perelygina, I.Busygina, &O.Zotova).
(2008). Information and Psychological Security in Mass media. Moscow: Aspect Press.
(2008). Foundation of Security Psychology: functionality and integrity. Yekaterinburg (co-author with V.Gratchev, L. Zaks, et al.).
(2008). Contemporary Image of Russia: development prospects. Moscow (co-author with A.Otchirova, &L.Matveeva).
(2008). Philosophy of social sciences and humanities. Moscow: Academitchesky Project (co-author with V.Kapitsin, S.Lebedev, V.Ilyin, L.Ionin, et al.).
(2007). Innovational Education Programs in Psychology. Moscow: MSU (co-author with I.Volodarskaya).
(2007). Psychology in Moscow University, 1755-2005. Moscow: MSU.
(2007). Contemporary terrorism and struggle against it: social- humanitarian dimensions. Moscow (co-author with S.Aphonin, R.Shilko, et al.).
(2003). Clinical Psychology of Sexuality in the Context of Cultural-Historical Approach. Moscow.
Chapters in Books
(2012). Methodological issues of Art Psychology: from semiotic classics to postmodern nonclassics. In Collection of articles on art, philology and history (pp.129-139), Moscow: MSU.
(2012). L'héritage vygotskien dans la psychologie du développement en Union Soviétique. In Y.Zinchenko & F.Yvon (Eds.), Vygotsky, une théorie du développement et de l'éducation (pp.319-334). Moscow: MSU (co-author with L. Chaiguerova).
(2012). Vie et œuvres de L.S.Vygotsky: un parcours vers la psychologie culturelle-historique. In Y.Zinchenko & F.Yvon (Eds.), Vygotsky, une théorie du développement et de l'éducation (pp.27-60). Moscow: MSU (co-author with L.Chaiguerova & F.Yvon).
(2012). Virtualisation of reality and cultures: risks of socialisation in globalised world. In Dialog of Cultures during Globalisation. V.1 (pp.92-94). Saint-Petersburg.
(2012). Methodological foundation of application of virtual reality and super-calculators in psychology. In The V Congress of the Russian Psychological Society (pp.402-404). Moscow.
(2012). The Methodology of Syndrome Analysis of Vygotsky-Luria Approach and Postnonclassic Rationality. In N.K.Korsakova, &Yu.V.Mikadze (Eds.). Heritage of A.R.Luria in the contemporary scientific and cultural-historical context: To the 110 anniversary of A.R.Luria (pp.37-69). Moscow: MSU.
(2011). Models and Methods of Increasing of Information Security and Diagnostics of Xenophobia Risks in the Real and Virtual Worlds. In Tolerance as a factor of opposition to xenophobia: Control of Xenophobia Risks in the Risk Society (pp. 409-480). Moscow (co-author with L. Chaiguerova, R.Shilko, &A.Voiskunsky, et al.).
(2011). Virtual reality in experimental psychology: about methodology. In Yu.Zinchenko (Ed.). The person as a subject and an object of Media-Psychology (Ed.) (pp.58-75). Moscow: MSU.
(2011). Virtualisation of reality: from psychological tools to a new subculture. In Yu. Zinchenko (Ed.). The person as a subject and an object of Media-Psychology (Ed.) (pp.231-278). Moscow: MSU.
(2011). Mass media as an effective tool of prevention against social-psychological factors of development of terrorism. In Yu. Zinchenko (Ed.). The person as a subject and an object of Media-Psychology (Ed.) (pp.575-594). Moscow: MSU.
(2011). Coping Strategies. In A.Bodalev (Ed.) Psychology of Communication. Encyclopaedic dictionary (pp.409-410). Moscow: Cogito-Centre (co-author with R.Shilko).
(2011). Role of Mass Media in struggle against the terrorism. In Diplomatic Yearbook (pp.143-172). Moscow: East-West.
(2011). Virtual reality technologies: theory, practice and application to sport. In Yu.P.Zinchenko, &Tonevitsky (eds.). Sport Psychology (pp.377-392). Moscow: MSU.
(2008). Topical issues of security in the information space. In Informational and Psychological Safety (pp.9-14). Moscow: Aspect Press (co-author with E.Vartanova).
(2008). Psychological Aspects of Informational Security and opposition to terrorism by means of mass media. In Informational and Psychological Safety (pp.199-226). Moscow: Aspect Press (co-author with R.Shilko).
(2006). Psychological Aspects in Research of Terrorism. In Security, Terrorism and Privacy in Information Society (pp.123-126). Bielefeld: W. Bertelsmann Verlag (co-author with R.Shilko).
(2006). Classification of psychological disorders. In Psychological lexicon: encyclopedia in 6 vol., V.1 (pp.15-18). Moscow: Per Se (co-author with R.Shilko).
(2006). Philosophical and methodological issues of psychology. In Philosophy of social sciences and humanities (pp.523-567). Moscow: Academitchesky project.
(2003). Clinical Psychology as a tool of study of sexual disorders. Bulletin of Ministry of Industry, Science and Technologies (pp.49-55). Moscow.
(2001). Pathopsychological aspects of PTSD. In Psychologists on Migrants and Migration in Russia. Information and Analytical Bulletin of the Russian Red Cross, №3 (pp.10-18). Moscow.
(1993). Sexualité en psychanalyse . In Archives de Psychanalyse (pp.21-25). Paris: Eolia.
(1992). Evolution of Concept "Symptom". In Unconscious: its manifestation and forms (pp.41-49). Moscow.
(2014) A Comparative Analysis of Psychological Structure of Perfectionism in Patients with ‘Hypertension at Work’ and Patients with Essential Hypertension. Anuario de Psicología/The UB Journal of Psychology, 44, 2, p. 151-168 (co-author with E.Pervichko).
(2014) A cross-cultural investigation of inhibitory control generative fluency, and anxiety symptons in Romanian and Russian preschoolers. Child Neuropsychology, издательство Swets & Zeitlinger (Netherlands), p. 1-29 (co-author with Lavinia Cheie, Aleksander Veraksa, Aleksandra Gorovaya, and Laura Visu-Petra)
(2014) Dynamics of the psychological features and clinical symptoms in mitral valve prolapse patients receiving long-term integrative psychotherapy for anxiety disorders. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, 7, 3, p. 66-79 (co-author with E.Pervichko, Akatova E.).
(2014) EPA-0562 – Dynamics of Cognitive Disorders in Elderly Patients with Essential Arterial Hypertension During Antihypertnsive Treatment. European Psychiatry, издательство Elsevier BV (Netherlands), 29, 1, p. 1 (co-author with E.Pervichko, Ostroumova O.)
(2014) EPA-0571 – Postnonclassical Methodology in Modern Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology: Opportunities and Perspectives. European Psychiatry, издательство Elsevier BV (Netherlands), 29, 1, p. 1 (co-author with E.Pervichko)
(2014) EPA-0581 – Long-Term Integrative Psychotherapy of Anxiety Disorders in Mitral Valve Prolapse Patients: the Factors of Mental Health Improvement. European Psychiatry, издательство Elsevier BV (Netherlands), 29, 1, p. 1 (co-author with E.Pervichko)
(2014) Editorial. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, 7, 1, p. 2-3
(2014) Ego defense mechanisms in patients with “hypertension at work” and patients with essential hypertension: a comparative analysis. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, Published by Elsevier Ltd (Netherlands), 127, p. 666-670 (co-author with E.Pervichko).
(2014) Emotion regulation in patients with essential hypertension: subjective-evaluative, physiological, and behavioral aspects. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, Published by Elsevier Ltd (Netherlands), 127, p. 686-690 (co-author with E.Pervichko, Ostroumova O.).
(2014) Extremism from the perspective of a system approach. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, 7, 1, с. 23-33
(2014) Heuristic value of post-non-classical models in psychosomatics (on the example of L.S. Vygotsky and A.R. Luria’s syndrome approach. Voprosy Psikhologii. Akademiia pedagogicheskikh nauk RSFSR (Russian Federation), 1, p. 14-27 (co-author with E.Pervichko).
(2014) Parents' Notions of the Internet Information Aimed at Children. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 146, p. 61-67 (co-author with Zotova Olga Y.).
(2014) Postnonclassical Methodology in Clinical Psychology: Opportunities and Perspectives of Vygotsky-Luria School. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 2, p. 90-95 (co-author with E.Pervichko)
(2014) Qualitative Characteristics of Emotion Regulation Process in Adolescents with Mitral Valve Prolapse. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, Published by Elsevier Ltd (Netherlands), 146, p. 76-82 (co-author with E.Pervichko)
(2014) Security in the worldview of Russians. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, 7, 1, p. 50-61 (co-author with Zotova Olga Y.)
(2013) 2865 - Assesment of quality of life at mitral valve prolapse patients suffering anxiety disorders. European Psychiatry, издательство Elsevier BV (Netherlands), 28, 1, p. 1 (co-author with E.Pervichko, Martynov A.I.)
(2013) 2872 - Psychosemantic study of interoception experience and pain perception in patients with mitral valve prolapse. European Psychiatry, издательство Elsevier BV (Netherlands), 28, 1, p. 1 (co-author with E.Pervichko)
(2013) A Remark on the most informative EEG Signal Components in a super-scalable method for functional state classification based on the wavelet decomposition. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 86, p. 18-23 (co-author with Galatenko V.V., Livshitz E.D., Staroverov V.M., Lukashenko T.P., Galatenko A.V., Podolskii V.E., Sadovnichy V.A., Lebedev V.V., Isaychev S.A., Chernorizov A.M.)
(2013) Assesment of quality of life at mitral valve prolapse patients suffering anxiety disorders. European Psychiatry, издательство Elsevier BV (Netherlands), 28, 1, p. 1732 (co-author with Pervichko E.I., Martynov A.I.)
(2013) Automated Real-time Classification of Functional States based on Physiological Parameters. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 86, p. 373-378. (co-author with Lobacheva Ekaterina M., Galatenko Yulia N., Gabidullina Rozaliya F., Galatenko Vladimir V., Livshitz Eugene D., Lukashenko Taras P., Vetrov Dmitriy P., Lebedev Alexey E., Podol'skii Vladimir E., Lebedev Vyacheslav V., Isaychev Sergey A., Chernorizov Alexandr M.)
(2013) Automated real-time classification of functional states: significance of individual tuning stage. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, 6, 3, p. 41-48. (co-author with Galatenko Vladimir V., Livshitz Evgeniy D., Chernorizov Alexander M., Galatenko Alexey V., Staroverov Vladimir M., Isaychev Sergey A., Lebedev Vyacheslav V., Menshikova Galina Ya, Gusev Alexey N., Lobacheva Ekaterina M., Gabidullina Rozaliya F., Podol’skii Vladimir E., Sadovnichy Victor A.)
(2013) Editorial. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, 6, 1, p. 2-3
(2013) Editorial. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, 6, 2, p. 2-3
(2013) Ego Defence Mechanisms in Patients with "Hypertension at work" and Patients with Essential Hypertension: A Comparative Analysis. Romanian Journal of Experimental Applied Psychology, 4, S1, p. 160-160. (co-author with E.Pervichko)
(2013) Emotion Regulation in Patients with Essential Hypertension: Subjective-evaluative, Physiological, and Behavioral Aspects. Romanian Journal of Experimental Applied Psychology, 4, S1, p. 164-164. (co-author with E.Pervichko, Ostroumova O.)
(2013) Emotional Experiences and Coping Processes in the Context of Verification of Psychosomatic Hypotheses in MVP Patients. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, Published by Elsevier Ltd (Netherlands), 86, p. 47-52 (co-author with E.Pervichko, Martynov A.)
(2013) Motivation as a factor affecting the efficiency of cognitive processes in elderly patients with hypertension. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, 6, 4, p. 186-198. (co-author with E.Pervichko, Ostroumova O.)
(2013) Nonclassical and Postnonclassical epistemology in Lev Vygotsky’s cultural-historical approach to clinical psychology. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, 6, 1, p. 43-56. (co-author with E.Pervichko)
(2013) Nonclassical and postnonclassical epistemology in Lev Vygotsky’s cultural - historical approach to clinical psychology. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, 6, 1, p. 43-56 (co-author with E.Pervichko)
(2013) Notions of security as a component of students attitudes towards money. Prosedia-Social and behavior sciences, № Vol. 86, p. 98-103 (co-author with E.Pervichko, Zotova O.Y.)
(2013) Peculiarities of Emotional Regulation with MVP Patients: A Study of the Effects of Rational-Emotive Therapy. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, Published by Elsevier Ltd (Netherlands), 78, p. 290-294 (co-author with E.Pervichko, Martynov A.)
(2013) Person-centered approaches in medicine: clinical tasks, psychological paradigms, and postnonclassic perspective. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, 6, 1, p. 95-109 (co-author with Mezzich J.E., Krasnov V.N., Pervichko E.I., Kulygina M.A.)
(2013) Personal Factors of Emotional Burnout in Patients with “Hypertension at Work". Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, Published by Elsevier Ltd (Netherlands), 86, p. 407-412 (co-author with Pervichko E., Ostroumova O.)
(2013) Psychological underpinning of personalized approaches in modern medicine: syndrome analysis of mitral valve prolapsed patients. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, 6, 2, p. 89-102. (co-author with Pervichko Elena I., Martynov Anatoliy I.)
(2013) Psychophysiological mechanisms of mental stress reactions in patients with “hypertension at work” and patients with essential hypertension: a comparative analysis. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, 6, 3, p. 78-94 (co-author with Pervichko E., Ostroumova O.)
(2013) Psychosemantic study of interoception experience and pain perception in patients with mitral valve prolapse. European Psychiatry, издательство Elsevier BV (Netherlands), 28, 1, p. 1738 (co-author with Pervichko E.)
(2013) Russian traditional and postnonclassical psychological perspectives on person-centered mental health care. The International Journal of Person Centered Medicine, Published by University of Buckingham Press (Buckingham, England), 3, 1, p. 81-87 (co-author with Pervichko E., Krasnov V., Kulygina M.)
(2013) Semantic Organization of Interoceptive Sensations in Mitral Valve Prolapse Patients. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, Published by Elsevier Ltd (Netherlands), 86, p. 402-406 (co-author with Pervichko E.).)
(2013) Unasked questions and unused answers in psychology. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, 6, 3, p. 4-18 (co-author with Ernst Pöppel, Yan Bao, Shihui Han, Sozinov Alexey A., Ushakov Dmitry V., Kovalev Artem I., Chernorizov Alexander M., Menshikova Galina Ya, Zabotkina Vera I., Evgeny Gutyrchik, Zaytseva Yuliya S.).)
(2013) Vector approach to integral evaluating of sportsmen functional states. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences Published by Elsevier Ltd (Netherlands), 86, p. 610-614 (co-author with Lebedev Vyacheslav V., Isaychev Sergey A., Chernorizov Alexandr M.)
(2013) Violations of Emotional Regulation in Patients with Stress- Induced Hypertension. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, Published by Elsevier Ltd (Netherlands), 78, p. 295-299 (co-author with Pervichko E., Ostroumova O.)
(2012). The Methodology of Syndrome Analysis within the Paradigm of "Qualitative Research in Clinical Psychology". Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, 157-184 (co-author with E.Pervichko).
(2012). The V Congress of the Russian Psychological Society. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, 5, 11-30 (co-author with A.L. Zhuravlev, Yu.V. Kovaleva, & E.A.Sergienko)
(2012). On a syndrome-based approach to psychosomatic medicine (A study of patients with mitral valve prolapse). Česká a slovenská pshyhiatrie. Abstracts WPA International Congress, 108, 159 (co-author with E. Pervichko).
(2012). Introduction. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, 5, 5-10 (co-author with V.F.Petrenko).
(2012). Peculiarities of emotional regulation with MVP patients: a study of the effects of rational-emotive therapy. Romanian Journal of Experimental Applied Psychology. Special Edition, 3, 29. (co-author with E.Pervichko, & A. Martynova).
(2012). Violations of emotional regulation in patients with stress-induced hypertension. Romanian Journal of Experimental Applied Psychology. Special Edition, 3, 30 (co-author with E.Pervichko, &O.Ostroumova).
(2012). A Syndrome-based Approach in Body Psychology (A study of patients with mitral valve prolapse). Bulletin of Moscow University. Series 14. Psychology, № 2, 57-67 (co-author with E.Pervichko).
(2012). Postnonclassic methodology in clinical psychology: the scientific school of Vygotsky and Luria. National Psychological Journal, №2(8), с. 32-45 (co-author with E.Pervichko).
(2011). Introduction. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, 4, 6-12 (co-author with V.F.Petrenko).
(2011). Methodological foundations of Military Psychology and Psychological Security. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, 4, 53-61 (co-author with A.Veraksa, &S.Leonov).
(2011). Psychology of Security as Social Systemic Phenomenon. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, 4, 307-315.
(2011). Technologies of Virtual Reality in Psychology of Sport of Great Advances: Theory, Practice, and Perspectives. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, 4, 129-152(co-author with G.Men’shikova, A.M. Chernorizov, & A.E.Voyskunskiy).
(2011). Psychological Safety of Individual and Society in the Modern Information Space. National Psychological Journal, №2(6) , 48-59 (co-author with L. A. Shaygerova, & R. S. Shilko).
(2011). Act of Terrorism as an Extreme Situation in the Risk Society. National Psychological Journal, №2(6), 98-112 (co-author with L. A. Shaygerova, &G.V.Soldatova).
(2011). Methodological foundation of the Safety Psychology. National Psychological Journal, №2(6), 11-14.
(2011). Methodological issues of fundamental and applied psychological research. National Psychological Journal, № 1(5), 42-49.
(2011). Psychological Security of Person and Society in the Contemporary Information Space. National Psychological Journal, №2, 48-59.
(2011). Security Psychology as a social-system phenomenon. Bulletin of Moscow University. Series 14. Psychology, №4, 4-11.
(2011). Safety of Corporation and Globalisation. Bulletin of Moscow University. Series 14. Psychology, №4, 12-16.
(2010). Introduction. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, 3, 6-8 (co-author with V.F.Petrenko).
(2010). Technologies of Virtual Reality in the Context of World-Wide and Russian Psychology: Methodology, Comparison with Traditional Methods, Achievements and Perspectives. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, 3, 11-45 (co-author with G.Menshikova, Yu.Bayakovsky, A.M.Chernorizov, &A.E.Voiskounsky).
(2009). Les aspects méthodologiques des rapports entre concepts du signe et du symbole dans la théorie historico-culturelle de L.S. Vygotski. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, 2, 25-34.
(2009). Introduction. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, 2, 6-8 (co-author with V.F.Petrenko).
(2009).The VIII International Congress of Clinical Psychologists. Bulletin of Moscow University. Series 14. Psychology, №3, 124-127 (co-author with G.Glosman).
(2008). Introduction. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, 1, 5-6 (co-author with V.F.Petrenko).
(2008). Psychology of Safety and Resistance to Terrorism. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, 1, 81-101.
(2007). Motivation of the Terrorist. Bulletin of Moscow University. Series 14. Psychology, №2, 20-34 (co-author with K.Surnov, &A.Thostov).
(2007). Psychological portrait of the terrorism: the sources of terrorism as a social form of the identity. Bulletin of Moscow University. Series 14. Psychology, №4, 3-7.
(2007). Psychological Science in the New Educational Context. Bulletin if Applied Pscyhology. №4 (13), 7-8.
(2007). Faculty of Psychology of Moscow University: 40 years. Bulletin of Moscow University. Series 14. Psychology, №1, 8-10.
(2000). Clinical Psychology as a new university specialisation. Bulletin of International Academy of High School, №1, 204-211 (co-author with Yu.F.Poliakov).
Relevance (context) of the subject of the article. Many fi rstline healthcare workers feel high levels of stress due to excessive workload, problems of adapting to new conditions, fear of infection and discrimination and feeling of inadequate support while working with coronavirus infection. Also, an additional burden is placed on the medical staff due to increased anxiety for their health and patients who are afraid to die. On the other hand, the presence of psychologists in the staff of the institution allows them to perform new work tasks, adhering their specialty and workplace.
The aim of the study is to identify the most effi cient new types of work for a medical psychologists in the FSBI “FCB&N” FMBA of Russia functioning as an infectious diseases hospital.
Description of the research progress. The study was conducted from April to June 2020 and included informational, methodological, diagnostic and advisory forms of work, the content of which was revised depending on its relevance and the dynamics of interaction with target groups.
Research results. Th e most popular and eff ective types of work turned out to be psychological counseling for patients in the “red” zone, work with relatives at the transfer point and remote monitoring of the medical staff condition, the latter being on duty at the exit from the “red” zone and leading a group of patients via WhatsApp. The opportunities for emergency contact with a psychologist, the availability of several methods of communication and regular monitoring of the psychological state of medical staff signifi cantly reduced the level of distress and its consequences.
Conclusions. Creating conditions for organizing psychological assistance in an institution reorientated to work with a new coronavirus infection is an important task to reduce the stress level of medical staff , overcome the nonadaptive behavior of patients and their relatives, as well as preserve resources of the institution’s psychologists.
Background. Neuropsychological diagnostics and rehabilitation are among the fundamental practical tasks facing a clinical psychologist. Today, rehabilitation goes beyond the usual framework in which it was 40–50 years ago. The course of the disease, stressful influences radically change the physical, psychological and social functioning of a person. It is the functioning of a person (and not the state of his functions) in new, often limiting living conditions that becomes an object in the modern rehabilitation system, which is a joint activity of the patient, his relatives and specialists of the multidisciplinary rehabilitation team.
Objective: analysis and generalization of the diagnostic and rehabilitation experience accumulated in neuropsychological rehabilitation;identification of quality criteria for neuropsychological diagnostics and rehabilitation of patients with memory impairments in case of brain damage, which should be followed by a practicing psychologist in the process of rehabilitation work.
Results. Based on the analysis of applied research and practical guidelines, the recommended diagnostic tools for detecting memory impairments are presentedand the main directions and effective methods of rehabilitation work in amnestic syndrome are highlighted. It is shown that different degrees of severity of a amnestic defect requires the choice of an appropriate direction of work in the process of neuropsychological rehabilitation: the formation of new mnestic means; the organization of “suggestive and reminiscent” environments and new strategies for behavior in this environment; general (non-specific) principles of restorative learning.
Conclusions. The presented material can serve as a “support” in the practical work of a clinical psychologist with patients with memory impairments and brain lesions.The text outlines the main directions of diagnostic and rehabilitation work which a practicing psychologist must be aware of.
Background. Neuropsychological diagnosis and rehabilitation are among the fundamental practical tasks facing a clinical psychologist in accordance with applicable legal documents. The modern rehabilitation system is a partnership between patients with brain injuries, their families and various specialists involved in the rehabilitation process. Sick patients and their family continue living in the society of other people, and they have to solve issues of social interaction in a new status and with new limited opportunities. Cognitive and emotional, psychological and behavioural problems are interconnected, and neuropsychological rehabilitation should be appeal to all these problems.
The Objectives of the paper are: analysing and generalization of diagnostic and rehabilitation experience accumulated in neuropsychological rehabilitation; identifying of quality criteria for neuropsychological diagnosis and rehabilitation of patients with impaired cognitive functions in brain injuries, which should be followed by a practicing clinical psychologist in the process of rehabilitation work.
Results. Based on the analysis of applied research and practical guidelines, the recommended diagnostic tools for identifying thinking disorders are presented, the main directions and methods of rehabilitation work with thinking disorders that have been shown to be effective, including the organization of the dynamics of thought processes, the organization of the operational side of thinking, the organization of the regulatory side of thinking.
Conclusion. The findings can sustain practical work of a clinical psychologist with patients with disturbed thinking and brain damage. The findings outline the main directions of diagnostic and rehabilitation work for the practicing psychologist.
October 15 is the birthday of Alexander Ivanovich Dontsov, a prominent Russian psychologist, Doctor of Psychology, Professor of the Department of Social Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Moscow Lomonosov State University, Academician of the Russian Academy of Education.
Received: 10/20/2019
Accepted: 10/20/2019
Pages: 46
DOI: 10.11621/npj.209.0305
Keywords: Anniversaries;
Available Online: 20.10.2019
Objective. The research was aimed at examining the possibilities of applying social network analysis to the study of ethnocultural identity of Russian adolescents.
Design. By creating a code in the language R (R 3.6.1 + R Studio 1.2.1335), the analysis of the relations of a number of communities of the social network «Vkontakte», whose content is relevant to various aspects of ethnocultural (ethnic, cultural, religious, regional, national) identity was performed. In these communities Moscow and St. Petersburg dwellers aged 14 to 18 years were identified and sampled (78,784 Moscow-based users and 210,815 St. Petersburg-based users). Based on the results, social graphs were constructed and the analysis of relations between communities in the two cities of Russia was carried out.
Results. The general tendencies and differences between the links of online communities, the content of which is relevant to various aspects of ethnocultural identity in the cities of Russia under consideration, are revealed. For the target category, Moscow-based and St. Petersburg-based user-adolescents, the online communities were considered to be most relevant between those with ethnic content. The differences relate to connexions between large community called «Russia» and other studied online communities. There is no connexion between all other communities from Moscow with community «Russia» while adolescents-users from St. Petersburg actively participate in the community «Russia», especially those who are in communities whose content is devoted to ethnic and cultural issues.
Conclusion. The results show the existing outlooks for the social networks analysis, which allows to cover a wide range of users of online communities, for the study of ethnocultural identity of adolescents in the digital society. Obtained by analyzing social networking data derived from user activity in Internet communities, reflect the regularities, identified through an earlier social-psychological study involving adolescents who live in the same area. The socio-cultural context mediates online identity and offline identity in a similar way, which is confirmed by the revealed differences in the connections of online communities in different subjects of the Russian Federation. Despite the long-term social network analysis in sociology and other sciences, psychology is using this method as exploratory tool. In relation to the study of ethnocultural identity and related phenomena SNA requires additional development based on the interdisciplinary interaction of various sciences and areas and the necessary comparison of the results with the results obtained by other methods.
Received: 09/16/2019
Accepted: 09/21/2019
Pages: 4-16
DOI: 10.11621/npj.2019.0302
Keywords: social network analysis (SNA);
social graphs;
adolescents;
ethnocultural identity;
regions of Russian Federation;
social mining;
Available Online: 20.10.2019
Background. According to various sources, about half of the world's population speaks two or more languages on different levels. The steady growth of bilingual and multilingual populations through migration and learning of foreign languages, on the one hand, and the real threat of indigenous languages extinction, on the other hand, put the comprehensive study of bilingualism and multilingualism in a number of important social issues and interdisciplinary scientific problems.
Objective. The paper aims to analyze and summarize the results obtained in the research of the bilingualism impact on cognitive processes and individual characteristics in order to identify the possible advantages of bilingualism and the difficulties associated with them.
Results. The phenomenon of Russian national bilingualism and its specific features in some republics of the Russian Federation is considered. A variety of socio-cultural contexts in which bilingualism and multilingualism are studied justifying the need for an interdisciplinary approach to the research issues is presented. The theoretical and analytical review of the research of bilingualism influence on cognitive processes, personal characteristics and relationships with ethno-cultural identity is carried out. The areas in which bilingualism can provide benefits are considered, and the risks associated with the possession of several languages for the individual and for society are analyzed. The results of the bilingualism influence on cognitive processes and personal characteristics are contradictory and are determined by the attitudes of researchers and some factors and additional variables that are difficult to control due to various methodological problems. The necessity of interdisciplinary interaction in research the impact of multilingualism on various individual and social processes is shown.
Conclusion. Bilingualism and multilingualism are neither an advantage of the cognitive functioning and personal development of the subject, nor for society. There are additional conditions determined both by the individual situation of development and by the socio-cultural context. If taken into account they can help to reduce individual and social risks of bilingualism and multilingualism and stimulate its positive impact on the individual and society.
Received: 02/12/2019
Accepted: 02/27/2019
Pages: 3-15
DOI: 10.11621/npj.2019.0101
Keywords: personality;
ethnocultural identity;
cognitive processes;
multilingualism;
bilingual education;
interdisciplinary approach;
bilingualism;
Available Online: 30.01.2019
Background. Currently there is a need to adopt a special federal law that covers psychological counselling of the population. The lack of such law is preventing use of uniformed terminology across the country and separating governmental and non-governmental psychological counselling rendered. Such gap also does not correspond with the interests of the clients that counselling is focused on since the experts who are allowed to extend those services are undetermined and undefined.
Objective The paper is directed at analyzing the status quo of legal regulation of the psychological counselling, finding gaps in such regulation and proving the need in a special federal law.
Research Progress. The paper takes an account of the current state of regulation of psychological counselling in the Russian Federation and foreign countries using the comparative legal analysis approach.The research resulted in a finding that there is the need in a special federal law on psychological counselling.
Conclusion. Special federal law on psychological counselling of the population is necessary to elaborate and eventually to implement for uniformity in counselling and in social work services, and also to protect the rights and interests of those who seek councelling, as well as determining the qualifications of those to render such services.
Practical Application. The research results can be used while drafting and passing a special federal law on psychological counselling and executive regulatory acts.
Received: 03/06/2018
Accepted: 03/14/2018
Pages: 141-150
DOI: 10.11621/npj.2018.0113
Keywords: psychological support;
social services;
social and psychological services;
psychologist;
emergency situations and emergencies;
Available Online: 30.03.2018
On January 27-28, 2017, the 2nd All-Russian Conference «The way to success: programs to support gifted children and youth in the context of scientific and technological development of the Russian Federation» was held in the Sirius Educational Centre (Sochi, Russia)
February 20-22, 2018 the 6th ASEAN Regional Congress of Psychological Associatons was held in Kuta (Indonesia)
From 5 to 7 September in Kazan (Volga) Federal University held two major events the psychological community. Within All-Russian forum of psychological events to be held VI Congress of the Russian psychological society (RPO).
18 October 2017 staff of the faculty of psychology of Moscow state University named M. V. Lomonosov took part in the XIX world festival of youth and students.
The local limb cooling provides the special psychophysiology reaction as alteration of tremor parameters. Shannon’s entropy after limb cooling is researched. The efficacy of such approaches for quantity estimation according to Eskov-Zinchenko effect at biomechanics is presented. Entropy E value and quasi-attractor parameters for one person with multi repetition of tremor registration (N=225 repetition) is shown. All these 15 samples with 15 series (registration of tremorogramm of one person) present the stable value of E and quasi-attractor sequence for 225 repetitions. When the Lorenz attractors demonstrate mixing property the invariant means correspond the determined chaos. But the stress perturbation (5 min. cooling of limb in water t = 5 ºС) does not change the E value. Three groups of subjects do not present the distinction between groups without stress and after cooling of limb. So it is necessary to construct the new theory for cooling stress (not stochastic approach) in psychophysiology. The new approaches is realized according to the new theory of self-organization chaos. As a result, E entropy parameters are not obtained while the quasi-attractor (S) parameter for termograms differ significantly. This proves the uniqueness of self-organization chaos theory, and opens up new opportunities to use this new theory in psychology and psychophysiology. Objective evaluation of stress – the human response to external agents – is a very difficult task for the quantitative description and simulation. As part of chaos theory self-organizing it now becomes possible. In this case, Eskov-Zinchenko effect will be recorded only regarding quasi-attractors and matrix of pairwise comparison of samples with the calculation of k matches.
Received: 12/20/2015
Accepted: 12/27/2015
Pages: 45-52
DOI: 10.11621/npj.2016.0106
Keywords: tremor;
chaos;
entropy;
quasi-attractors;
cooling stress;
Available Online: 06.07.2016
The reaction of the regulatory systems of the neuromuscular system of the human to the various acoustic effects (white noise, rhythmic music, classical music, hard rock) using special methods (e.g. chaos theory, self-organization) and methods of conventional statistics was studied. The state of hearing with or without acoustic impact is studied. However, the approach used is based on the analysis of the quasi-attractors parameters of the neuromuscular system (postural tremor) with simultaneous registration of left and right hand tremorogramm (in terms of sound effects). Acoustic effects played a role of a disturbing factor for tremor regulation (and muscle activity); it changes the psychophysiological state of the subject (N.A. Bernstein C and D regulation system). The designed matrix method of analysis enables the identification of systems with chaotic organization that was shown in this work by comparing left and right hand tremorogramm of subjects at different acoustic effects. The acoustic effects are regarded as disturbing influences affecting the mental state of homeostasis. In this case the main task is a quantitative assessment of mental status test calculations by tremorogramm parameters. Quasi-attractor parameters calculation method demonstrates the differences in tremorogramm of left and right hands and tremor responses to acoustic feedback. This employs a new approach in the evaluation of motor asymmetry and the method of recording the parameters of mental homeostasis by tremorogramm of chaotic dynamics. The problem of registering human mental status in cognitive psychology is resolved with a high degree of uncertainty (Bernstein).
The acoustic effects are considered as disturbance affecting the mental state of homeostasis. In this case the main task is to hold a quantitative assessment of the mental state by means of calculating tremorogramm parameters. A method for calculating quasi-attractor parameters, which shows differences in left and right hand tremorogramms and tremor responses to acoustic feedback. In fact, a new approach in evaluating motor asymmetry and the method of recording the parameters of mental homeostasis by chaotic dynamics tremorogramm are proposed.
Received: 11/12/2015
Accepted: 12/03/2015
Pages: 66-73
DOI: 10.11621/npj.2015.0406
Keywords: Shannon entropy;
human neuromuscular system;
psycho-physiological state;
acoustic impact;
Available Online: 31.12.2015
The strategic partnership between the Lomonosov Moscow State University and the Russian Academy of Education.
Received: 11/15/2015
Accepted: 11/15/2015
Pages: 24
Keywords: National Psychological Journal;
Available Online: 15.11.2015
At the MSU faculty of psychology in Spring 2015 took place some solemn meetings dedicated to the anniversaries of the remarkable Russian scientists.
Received: 11/15/2015
Accepted: 11/15/2015
Pages: 3
Keywords: Anniversaries;
Available Online: 15.11.2015
The paper discusses topical issues of virtual reality technologies in social research, particularly when studying the processes of ethnic cultural identity, development of ethnic and racial attitudes using «virtual avatars» for managing ethnic conflicts, development of communication skills in representatives of different cultures using virtual collaboration and video conferencing. One of the key issues of the paper to discuss the necessity of post-non-classical paradigm as a conceptual framework for social research. Contemporary social studies require developing new methods, technologies and techniques at all levels of the research: from task setting to the development of new methods and result analysis. One of the most promising methods rapidly developed in recent years is virtual reality technology. The paper presents the analysis of more than 40 experimental studies performed using CAVE and HMD virtual reality systems. Their application is considered hereunder for the studies of verbal and nonverbal cues in communication, social skills training, treatment of social anxiety disorders and the development of new methods of cognitive behavioural therapy. Studies on interpersonal communication with virtual partners (i.e. «avatars») are considered. Factors affecting the communication quality of avatars, its visual and behavioural realism, problems of seeing virtual human as real partners for social interaction are discussed. Special attention is paid to the studies of racial and ethnic attitudes performed using virtual reality systems. The possibilities of practical applications of the VR technologies for shaping positive attitudes and development of communication skills in a sociocultural context are emphasized.
Received: 10/27/2015
Accepted: 11/07/2015
Pages: 25-34
DOI: 10.11621/npj.2015.0303
Keywords: social studies;
postnonclassical paradigm;
technology of virtual reality;
ethnic and interracial attitudes;
verbal and nonverbal communication;
avatar;
Available Online: 15.11.2015
The paper discusses changes introduced in the new edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) published by the American Psychiatric Association in May 2013. The DSM-5 was subjected to a flood of criticism already at the time of its preparation. The authors examine the reasons for revising the previous edition of DSM and provide examples of structural and diagnostic changes introduced in the DSM-5. Special attention is paid to those innovations, which have initiated controversy and debate in the professional community. The paper gives consideration to criticism of the changes in the DSM-5 and urges to the development of a new methodological approach to mental health.
There are examples of structural and diagnostic changes in the DSM-5 including removal of the five-tier multi-axis, replacement of comprehensive assessment scales of functioning to the scale evaluation that refer to activity restrictions of World Health Organization. Special attention is paid to issues of gender and cultural differences including semi-structured interviews on issues related to cultural differences. The paper gives an account of the new Manual of Diagnostic Categories and Abolition or Consolidation of those previously existing.
Received: 10/24/2014
Accepted: 11/19/2014
Pages: 52-58
DOI: 10.11621/npj.2014.0306
Keywords: DSM-5;
classification of mental disorders;
mental health;
methodology;
postnonclassic model of scientific rationality;
Dear colleagues, here is the regular issue of the “National Psychological Journal”.
The year of 2013 was a landmark in many ways not only for scholars of psychology, but also for the Russian science in general.
Pages: 1-3
Keywords: National Psychological Journal;
history of Russian psychology;
history of psychology;
The paper analyses the condition and the basic directions of military psychologists in the American armed forces. It gives an account of specific features, problems, basic fields of activity, general structure of military psychologists’ vocational training. Issues of military psychological community functioning as component of the American psychological association are discussed.
The paper shows that the direction and content of the military psychologists is determined by the peculiarities of the domestic and foreign policy of the American leadership, problems solved by the US armed forces at a particular stage of its historical development, the specific features of the psychological problems that are observes in the Army, the Air Force and the Navy at the today level of the psychological science and practice. The main problems that are the targets of the military psychologists (post-traumatic stress disorder, suicide, drug addiction, war crimes, and relations in military units) are revealed.
The subject field of the American military psychology, and its main objectives are analyzed. The consistency in determining the main points of the practical application of military psychology is given special attention to.
The main areas of activity of military psychologists are analyzed. The specific tasks solved by military psychologists of the Army, the Navy, the Air Force, and the Marine Corps are shown. The direction and methods of clinical psychologists, experts in information operations support of military troops, psychologists in teaching (psychological training of troops) and educational areas are shown. Staff positions and organisations where psychologists works in the interests of the military administration are reviewed. The paper provides an overview of the measures taken by the military leadership of the United States that claim to improve the system of psychological work in the armed forces at the turn of the 20th-21st centuries. The main structure of professional training for the psychologists who are working on solving defense problems are analyzed. A comparative analysis of remuneration system for military psychologists is given.
The issues of military-psychological community functioning as an integral part of the American Psychological Association are discussed. A review of periodicals, literature and events held by the section of military psychology of American Psychological Association ( APA) are provided.
Received: 03/05/2014
Accepted: 04/12/2014
Pages: 65-73
DOI: 10.11621/npj.2014.0107
Keywords: American psychology;
military psychology;
mental health;
posttraumatic stressful disorder;
suicides;
drug addiction;
One of the fundamental factors influencing an individual’s intent to emigrate is a sense of danger that triggers the decision on settling in another country. The intent to emigrate under modern conditions is decision making in the situation of choice and is determined by perceptions of one’s own security. Security of a person is the matter of his/her own efforts. Thus security is one of the leading factors of orientation and determination in the course of obtaining the notion of the outer world.
263 respondents aged from 20 to 40 participated in the study. Four groups of respondents (those with emigration intentions and with a sense of security; the ones lacking emigration intentions and with a sense of security; respondents with emigration intentions, with a feeling of being in danger; respondents lacking emigration intentions with a feeling of being in danger) were formed on the basis of two criteria: emigration intentions and a feeling of being secure/insecure. The results show that the most significant motives for changing the settling area are life standards and search for comfort, which is explained by a pronounced dissatisfaction with social and economic situation of the native land, and low income. It is identified that the groups mentioned differ in their social psychological characteristics of life satisfaction level, sense of happiness, sense of security, motives for possible emigration, concept of emigration. The contradiction between the stated positive attitude towards those who emigrate (“a person can live where he likes”) and the semantic meaning of the “Emigration” concept (“cowardice”, “attenuation of a state”, “escape”, “rats deserting the sinking ship”) was detected in all groups of the respondents.
Received: 10/07/2013
Accepted: 10/16/2013
Pages: 17-24
DOI: 10.11621/npj.2013.0202
Keywords: emigration intent;
security;
notion;
immigration;
adaptation;
Dear collegues! We present the final issue of our magazine for 2010 year. This year was pretty hard for the Russian psychological society, though very interesting and rich.
Here are just a few results of this year. We succeeded not only in saving existing fields of trainings for psychologists in the system of the highest psychological education, but also in adding the new ones. It is really important for the harmonization of the educational standards with European psychological certificate EuroPsy.
