Recieved: 07/20/2021 21:14:00
Accepted: 01/21/2022 21:15:00
Published: 04/15/2022 19:01:00
Keywords: empathy; emotional regulation; emotional intelligence; Dark Triad; dynamic regulative systems
p.: 94-103
DOI: 10.11621/npj.2022.0108
Available online: 15.04.2022
Kornilova, T. V.. The Unity of Intellect and Affect in Multidimensional Regulation of Empathy. // National Psychological Journal 2022. 1. p.94-103. doi: 10.11621/npj.2022.0108
Copied to Clipboard
CopyBackground. The manuscript provides a synthetic review of the multiple understandings of the concept of empathy. Recent studies generally limit their focus to some aspects of empathy; alternatively, others adopt a top-down methodology for conceptualization of its dimensions rather than the analysis of the multiple regulation of processes that result in empathy. This review is timely and relevant not only because it compares various types of empathy but also because it provides an analysis of the involvement of various empathy processes in a wide plethora of relationships.
Objective. The goa of the review was to establish the conceptual framework for the understanding of multiple types of empathy involvement in cognitive and affective/personality domains, as well as of theoretical discrepancies that can be overcome from the standpoint of unity of intellect and affect.
Methods. This synthetic review elucidates fundamental dichotomies that are central to understanding of empathy (cognitive-affective; immediate-mediated; situational-dispositional etc) as well as the wide range of associations established between empathy, emotional intelligence, and unstable personality core traits such as the Dark Triad.
Results. The results of the study are based on the systematic review of theories of empathy and suggest the need for differentiation between empathy as a product and empathy as a set of processes that might through different pathways achieve the same result and product — empathy. Thus, we argue that the seeming inconsistency between the multiple types of empathy can be resolved by postulating that it is subject to the principle of dynamic regulative systems (DRS) that allow for a rich combination of hierarchical structures of cognitive and emotional processes. This approach assumes that multiple processes underly regulation of empathy. This idea is rooted in Vygotsky’s idea of the unity of intellect and affect, pointing to the pivotal role of empathy as the binding and mediating trait between cognitive and personality/affective domains.
Conclusion. The review lays the foundation for the approach that omits the development of partial theories of empathy in favor of viewing it as a resulting product of multiple processes. Different types and forms of empathy that are frequently discussed in the literature reflect the development of hierarchical dynamic systems and processes.
Bar-Оn, R. (2007). The Bar-On Model of Emotional Intelligence: A Valid, Robust and Applicable EI Model. Organisation & People, 14 (2), 27–34.
Baron-Cohen, S., & Wheelwright, S. (2004). The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with Asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34 (2), 163–175. doi: 10.1023/B: JADD.0000022607.19833.00
Batson, C.D. (2010). Altruism in Humans. Published to Oxford Scholarship. doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195341065.001.00
Belousova, A.I., & Geyvandova, M.R. (2021). Сognitive and affective empathy: approbation of the questionnaire on a russian sample. Vestnik Moskovskogo gosudarstvennogo oblastnogo universiteta. Seriya: Psihologicheskie nauki (Bulletin of the Moscow Region State University. Series: Psychology), 31 (2), 6–20. doi: 10.18384/2310-7235-2021-2-6-20 (In Russ.).
Bird, G., & Viding, E. (2014). The self to other model of empathy: Providing a new framework for understanding empathy impairments in psychopathy, autism, and alexithymia. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 47, 520–532. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev. 2014.09.021
Bodrogi, B., Bereczkei, T., & Deak, A. (2020). Be aware, make it clear, and take the Lead: emotion regulation difficulties and emotional intelligence as moderators of cognitive reappraisal. Current Psychology, 1–13. doi: 10.1007/s12144-020-01182-5
Bovina, I.B. (2020). Empathy: critical analysis and new research perspectives. Kul’turno-Istoricheskaya psihologiya (Cultural-Historical Psychology), 16 (1), 88–95. doi: 10.17759/chp.2020160109 (In Russ.).
Camacho-Morles, J. (2021). Activity Achievement Emotions and Academic Performance: A Meta-analysis. Educational Psychology Review. doi:10.1007/s10648-020-09585-3
Cuff, B., Brown, S.J, Taylor, L., & Howat, D. (2014). Empathy: a review of the concept. Emotion Review, 7, 1–10. doi: 10.1177/1754073914558466
Dawis, M.H. (2015). Empathy and prosocial behavior. In D. A. Schroeder & W.G. Graziano (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of prosocial behavior, 282–306. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb / 9780195399813.001.0001
Decety, J., & Meyer, M. (2008). From emotion resonance to empathic understanding: A social developmental neuroscience account. Development and Psychopathology, 20 (4), 1053–1080. doi: 10.1017/S0954579408000503
Israelashvili, J., Sauter, D.A., & Fischer, A.H. (2020). Different faces of empathy: Feelings of similarity disrupt recognition of negative emotions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 87, 103912. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2019.103912
Eisenberg, N. (2000). Emotion, regulation, and moral development. Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 665–697. doi: 10.1146/annurev. psych.51.1.665
Hall, J.A., & Schwartz, R. (2018). Empathy present and future. The Journal of Social Psychology, 159 (3), 225–243. doi: 10.1080/00224545.2018.1477442
Henet, P., Givron, Н., & Desseilles, M. (2020). Empathy in medical students: a rapid review of the literature in 10 key questions. Acta Psychiatric Belgica, 120 (3), 38–48. ISSN 0300-8967
Hengartner, М.Р., Ajdacic-Gross, V., Rodgers, S. et al. (2014). Fluid intelligence and empathy in association with personality disorder trait-scores: exploring the link. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 264, 441–448. doi: 10.1007/ s00406-013-0441-0
Heym, N., Kibowski, F., Claire, A.J., Bloxsom, C.A.J. et al. (2021). The Dark Empath: Characterising dark traits in the presence of empathy. Personality and Individual Differences, 169 (1), 110172. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110172
Hoffman, M.L. (2000, 2012). Empathy and Moral Development. Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511805851
Galang, C.M., Johnson, D., & Obhi, S.S. (2021). Exploring the Relationship Between Empathy, Self-construal style and Self-reported social distancing tendencies during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 58893. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.588934
Gardner, H. (1983). Frames of Mind. The Theory of Multiple Intelligence. New York: Basic Books.
Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional intelligence. New York: Bantam Books John, O.P., & Gross, J.J. (2004). Healthy and unhealthy emotion regulation: personality processes, individual differences, and life span development. Journal of Personality, 72 (6), 1301–1333. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2004.0029
Jonason, P., & Kroll, C.H. A Multidimensional View of the Relationship Between Empathy and the Dark Triad. Journal of Individual Differences, 2015, 36 (3), 150–156. doi:10.1027/1614-0001/A000166
Karyagina, T.D. (2013). Evolution of the concept of “empathy” in psychology: dissertation. Ph.D. (Psychology). Moscow. (In Russ.).
Kornilova, T.V. (2009). The concept of self-regulation within L.S. Vygotsky’s cultural-historical framework. In Human psychology in the modern world: 120th anniversary of the birth of L.S. Rubinstein. Moscow: Publ. House “Institute of Psychology of the Russian Academy of Sciences”), 2, 30–40. (In Russ.).
Kornilova, T.V. (2016) Intellectual and personal potential in conditions of uncertainty and risk. SPb.: Publishing House Nestor Istoriya. (In Russ.).
Kornilova, T.V., & Kornilov, S.A. (2021). Latent profiles of personality traits related to decision making about social distancing (In Russia and Azerbaijan). Psychologicheski Zhurnal (Psychological Journal), 42 (3), 36–47. doi: 10.31857/S020595920015189-3 (In Russ.).
Kornilova, T.V., & Zhou, Qiuqi (2021). Empathy and implicit theories of emotions and personality in a Chinese sample. Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Seriya 14. Psikhologiya (Moscow University Psychology Bulletin. Series 14. Psychology), 1, 108–133. doi: 10.11621/vsp.2021.01.05 (In Russ.).
Kryukova, E.А., & Shestova, M.А. (2020). Emotional intelligence in the structure of a person’s intellectual and personal potential: trait or ability? (adaptation of the short version of the TEIQue-SF questionnaire). Natsional’nyy psikhologicheskiy zhurnal (National Psychological Journal), 4 (40), 18–30. doi: 10.11621/npj.2020.0402 (In Russ.).
Lamm, C., Bukowski, H., & Silani, G. (2016). From shared to distinct self– other representations in empathy: evidence from neurotypical function and socio-cognitive disorders. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 371: 20150083. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0083
Lyusin, D.V. (2009). Questionnaire for emotional intelligence Emin: new psychometric data. In D.V., Lyusin, D.V., Ushakov (Eds.), Sozial and emotional intelligence. (pp. 264–278). Moscow: Publ. House “Institute of Psychology of the Russian Academy of Sciences”. (In Russ.).
Marcus, H.R., & Kitayama, Sh. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98 (2), 224–253. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.98.2.224
Mayer, J.D., Salovey, P., & Caruso, D.R. (2008). Emotional intelligence: new ability or eclectic traits? American Psychologist, 63 (6), 503–517. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.63.6.503
Mayer, J.D., Caruso, D.R., & Salovey, P. (2016). The ability model of emotional intelligence: principles and updates. Emotion Review, 8, 1–11. doi: 10.1177/1754073916639667
Mooradian, T.A., Dawis, M.H., & Matzler, K. (2011). Dispositional empathy and the hierarchical structure of personality. The American Journal of Psychology. 124 (1), 99–109. doi: 10.5406/amerjpsyc.124.1.0099
Moshagen, M., Zettler, I., & Hilbig, B.E. (2020). Measuring the dark core of personality. Psychological Assessment, 32 (2), 182–196. doi: 10.1037/пас0000778
Nourkova, V.V. (2020). Cultural development of Empathy-identification and Empathy-modeling. Natsional’nyy psikhologicheskiy zhurnal (National Psychological Journal), 4 (40), 3–17. doi: 10.11621/npj.2020.0401 (In Russ.).
Paulhus, D.L., & Williams, K.M. (2002). The Dark Triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism and psychopathy. Journal of Research in Personality, 36 (6), 556–563. doi: 10.1016/S0092-6566(02)00505-6
Peña-Sarrionandia, A., Mikolajczak, M., & Gross, J.J. (2015). Integrating emotion regulation and emotional intelligence traditions: a meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 160, 1–27. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00160
Petrides, K.V., Mikolajczak, M., Mavroveli, S., SanchezRuiz, M.-J., Furnham, A., & Pérez-González, J.-C. (2016). Developments in trait emotional intelligence research. Emotion Review, 8 (4), 335–341. doi: 10.1177/1754073916650493
Petrides, K.V., Sanchez-Ruiz, M.J., Siegling, A.B., Saklofske, D.H., & Mavroveli, S. (2018). Emotional intelligence as personality: measurement and role of trait Emotional Intelligence in educational contexts. In K.V. Keefer, J.D.A. Parker, & D.X. Saklofske (Eds.), Emotional Intelligence in Education. Cham, Switzerland, Springer, 49–81. doi: 10.1007/978- 3-319-90633-1_3
Pfattheicher, S., Nockur, L., Böhm, R. et al. (2020). The emotional path to action: Empathy promotes physical distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychological Science, 31 (11), 1363–1373. doi: 10.31234/osf.io/y2cg5
Popper, K.R. (1945). The Open Society and Its Enemies. V. 1. The Spell of Plato. Routledge.
Powell, P.A. (2018). Individual differences in emotion regulation moderate the associations between empathy and affective distress. Motivation and Emotion, 42 (4), 602–613. doi: 10.1007/s11031-018- 9684-4
Preckel, K., Kanske, P., & Singer, T. (2018). On the interaction of social affect and cognition: empathy, compassion and Theory of mind. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 19, 1–6. doi: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2017.07.010
Reniers, R.L., Corcoran, R., Drake, R., Shryane, N.M., & Völlm, B.A. (2011). The QCAE: A questionnaire of cognitive and affective empathy. Journal of Personality Assessment, 93 (1), 84–95. doi: 10.1080 / 00223891.2010.528484
Schipper, M., & Petermann, F. (2013). Relating empathy and emotion regulation: Do deficits in empathy trigger emotion dysregulation? Social Neuroscience, 8 (1), 101–107. doi: 10.1080 / 17470919.2012.761650
Scheffel, C., Diers, K., Schönfeld, S., Brocke, B., Strobel, A., & Dörfel, D. (2019). Cognitive emotion regulation and personality: an analysis of individual differences in the neural and behavioral correlates of successful reappraisal. Personality Neuroscience, 2, 1–13. doi: 10.1017/pen.2019.11
Thornton, M.A., & Tamir, D.I. (2017). Mental models accurately predict emotion transitions. PNAS, 114 (23), 5982–5987. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1616056114
Thornton, M.A., Weaverdyck, М.Е., Mildner, J.N., & Tamir, D.I. (2019). People represent their own mental states more distinctly than those of others. Nature Communications, 10, 2117. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-10083-6
Zirenko, M.S., Kornilova, T.V., Zhou, Q., & Izmailova, A. (2021). Personality regulation of decisions on physical distancing: Cross-cultural comparison (Russia, Azerbaijan, China). Personality and Individual Differences, 170, 110418. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110418
Kornilova, T. V.. The Unity of Intellect and Affect in Multidimensional Regulation of Empathy. // National Psychological Journal 2022. 1. p.94-103. doi: 10.11621/npj.2022.0108
Copied to Clipboard
Copy