Types of cyberaggression: adolescents and youth experience

Soldatova, Galina U. Lomonosov Moscow State University

Rasskazova Elena I. Lomonosov Moscow State University

Chigarkova Svetlana V. Lomonosov Moscow State University

Table 1. Gender and age characteristics of respondents in different samples

Groups	Male (%)	Female(%)	No gender listed (%)	Mean age ± Standard deviation
Adolescents aged 14-17 years	484 (47.0%)	535 (52.0%)	10 (1.0%)	15.47±1.09 лет
Adolescents aged 12-13 years	240 (45.7%)	279(53.1%)	6 (1.1%)	12.42±0.58 лет
Youth	300 (40.8%)	436(59.2%)	0 (0%)	23.33±3.90 лет
Parents	214 (19.4%)	877(79.4%)	14 (1.3%)	41.21±5.63 лет

Table 2. Risk level assessment in different places

Subjective risk level assessment (on a scale of 1 to 7)	Adolescents aged 14-17 years		Youth		Parents		F-test	Effect size η2
	Mean	Standard deviation	Mean	Standard deviation	Mean	Standard deviation
In the world	5.09	1.54	4.96	1.33	5.15	1.37	3.92*	0.00
In the country	4.67	1.50	4.59	1.32	4.58	1.39	0.92	0,00
In the city	4.24	1.49	4.15	1.37	4.35	1.30	4.08*	0.00
On the street	4.21	1.52	4.11	1.38	4.42	1.29	12.13**	0.01
On the Internet	3.53	1.72	3.67	1.51	4.56	1.44	24.96**	0.08
At school	3.01	1.51	3.22	1.34	3.17	1.23	7.05**	0.01
At home	1.89	1.30	1.95	1.08	1.92	1.04	0.48	0.00

Significance level * - p<0.05, ** - p<0.01.

Fig. 1. Encounter with unpleasant, painful, hostile situations in different places, %

Fig. 2. Frequency of answers to the question about where unpleasant, painful or hostile situations a person experiences more strongly – online or offline, %

Fig. 3. Amount of types of cyberaggression encountered in different roles by representatives of different age groups, %

Fig. 4. Cyberaggressive types spread among different age groups, %.

Fig. 5. Frequency of encounter with flaming, %

Table 3. Comparison of adolescents, youth, and parents groups in terms of frequency of encounters with different types of cyberaggression and emotional reactions to them.

Frequency of different types of cyberaggression and emotional reactions to them	Flaming		Trolling		Cyberhate		Cyberstalking		Cyberbullying
	Pearson χ2	Cramer's V	Pearson χ2	Cramer's V	Pearson χ2	Cramer's V	Pearson χ2	Cramer's V	Pearson χ2	Cramer's V
How often have you encountered	648.06**	0.23	210.22**	0.13	186.04**	0.12	169.00**	0.12	165.21**	0.12
How strongly upset were you	230.51**	0.14	604.90**	0.22	533.36**	0.21	147.58**	0.12	82.91**	0.09

** - p<0.01

Fig. 6. Emotional reaction to flaming: how badly would you be upset if you got into the situation of flaming in the leading role, %

Fig. 7. Frequency of encounter with trolling, %

Fig. 8. Emotional reaction to trolling: how badly would you be upset if you got into the situation of trolling as a “victim”, %

Fig. 9. Frequency of encounter with cyberhate, %

Fig. 10. Emotional reaction to cyberhate: how badly would you be upset if you got into the situation of cyberhate as a “victim”, %

Fig. 11. Frequency of encounter with cyberstalking, %

Fig. 12. Emotional reaction to cyberstalking: how badly would you be upset if you got into the situation of cyberstalking as a “victim”, %

Fig. 13. Frequency of encounter with cyberbullying, %

Fig. 14. Emotional reaction to cyberstalking: how badly would you be upset if you got into the situation of cyberbullying (hate groups) as a “victim”, %

Table 4. Experience of facing various  types of cyber aggression in males and females

Experience of encountering cyberaggression		Flaming	Trolling	Cyberhate	Cyberstalking	Cyberbullying
Adolescents aged 14-17 years	Male	63.0%	60.3%	58.9%	37.4%	46.5%
	Female	65.1%	68.1%	51.2%	45.3%	43.9%
	Pearson χ2	0.47	6.53*	5.99*	5.70*	0.67
	Cramer's V	0.02	0.08	0.08	0.08	0.03
Adolescents aged 14-17 years	Male	49.8%	56.8%	49.4%	28.3%	32.3%
	Female	51.8%	58.0%	47.3%	30.4%	39.6%
	Pearson χ2	0.21	0.07	0.22	0.26	2.87
	Cramer's V	0.02	0.01	0.02	0.02	0.07
Youth	Male	69.6%	49.0%	53.5%	26.7%	30.7%
	Female	69.0%	42.4%	50.3%	35.9%	24.2%
	Pearson χ2	0.03	3.12	0.71	6.89**	3.79
	Cramer's V	0.01	0.07	0.03	0.10	0.07

* - p<0.05, ** - p<0.01.

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