Shaigerova, L.A.
Federal Scientific Center of Psychological and Multidisciplinary Research
Roman S. Shilko
Lomonosov Moscow State University
Zinchenko, Yu.P.
Federal Scientific Center of Psychological and Multidisciplinary Research, Lomonosov Moscow State University
Abstract
Background. According to various sources, about half of the world's population speaks two or more languages on different levels. The steady growth of bilingual and multilingual populations through migration and learning of foreign languages, on the one hand, and the real threat of indigenous languages extinction, on the other hand, put the comprehensive study of bilingualism and multilingualism in a number of important social issues and interdisciplinary scientific problems.
Objective. The paper aims to analyze and summarize the results obtained in the research of the bilingualism impact on cognitive processes and individual characteristics in order to identify the possible advantages of bilingualism and the difficulties associated with them.
Results. The phenomenon of Russian national bilingualism and its specific features in some republics of the Russian Federation is considered. A variety of socio-cultural contexts in which bilingualism and multilingualism are studied justifying the need for an interdisciplinary approach to the research issues is presented. The theoretical and analytical review of the research of bilingualism influence on cognitive processes, personal characteristics and relationships with ethno-cultural identity is carried out. The areas in which bilingualism can provide benefits are considered, and the risks associated with the possession of several languages for the individual and for society are analyzed. The results of the bilingualism influence on cognitive processes and personal characteristics are contradictory and are determined by the attitudes of researchers and some factors and additional variables that are difficult to control due to various methodological problems. The necessity of interdisciplinary interaction in research the impact of multilingualism on various individual and social processes is shown.
Conclusion. Bilingualism and multilingualism are neither an advantage of the cognitive functioning and personal development of the subject, nor for society. There are additional conditions determined both by the individual situation of development and by the socio-cultural context. If taken into account they can help to reduce individual and social risks of bilingualism and multilingualism and stimulate its positive impact on the individual and society.
Acknowledgments
The research is done with the support of the Russian Fund of Fundamental Research, Project #17-29-09167.
References:
- Abdullaev A.A. & Ramazanova D.A. (2010). Dagestan-Russian bilingualism as a social and linguistic phenomenonю[Mezhdunarodmyy zhurnal eksperimental’nogo obrazovaniya],5, 71–72.
- Alqarni N. & Dewaele J.-M. (2018). A bilingual emotional advantage? An investigation into the effects of psychological factors in emotion perception in Arabic and in English of Arabic-English bilinguals and Arabic/English monolinguals. International Journal of Bilingualism, 1–18. doi:10.1177/1367006918813597.
- Baine B. & Panarin I.A. (1994). Bilingual education of children (recalling L. Vygotsky and A. Luria). [Voprosy psikhologii],3, 68–81.
- Bashieva S.K. & Dokhova Z.R. (2015). Bilingualism and polylingualism as uniting the beginnings of various sociocultural communities of the North Caucasus (the case of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic). [Vestnik RUDN].Series Educational Issues: languages and specialty,5, 266–272.
- Benet-Martínez V. & Haritatos J. (2005). Bicultural Identity Integration (BII): Components and socio-personality antecedents. Journal of Personality, 73, 1015–1049. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00337.x
- Benet-Martínez V., Leu J., Lee F. & Morris M.W. (2002). Negotiating biculturalism: cultural frame switching in biculturals with oppositional versus compatible cultural identities. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 33(5), 492–516. doi:10.1177/0022022102033005005
- Bialystok E. & Feng X. (2011). Language proficiency and its implications for monolingual and bilingual children. Language and Literacy Development in Bilingual Settings, 121–138.
- Bialystok E. & Shapero D. (2005). Ambiguous benefits: The effect of bilingualism on reversing ambiguous figures. Developmental Science, 8, 595–604. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2005.00451.x
- Bialystok E. (2009). Bilingualism: The good, the bad, and the indifferent. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition,12(1), 3–11. doi:10.1017/S1366728908003477
- Bialystok E., Craik F.I.M. & Luk G. (2008). Cognitive control and lexical access in younger and older bilinguals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 34, 859–873. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.34.4.859
- BlyagozZ.U. & BlyagozA.N. (2014). The origins of the Adyghe-Russian bilingualism. [Nauka: compleksnye problemy],2 (3), 41–45.
- Bogulski C.A., Bice K. & Kroll J. (2018). Bilingualism as a desirable difficulty: Advantages in word learning depend on regulation of the dominant language. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition,1–16. doi:10.1017/S1366728918000858.
- Borgoyakov S.A. & Boziev R.S. (2018). Language education and national language policy of Russia. [Pedagogika],11, 3–16.
- Borisov R.V. (2007). Language competence as a means of expressing ethnic identity and the formation of inter-ethnic tolerance among students: Ph.D. in Psychology thesis. Makhachkala, 173.
- Bovet P. (1932). Bilinguisme et éducation. Genève.
- Bradley K.A.L., King K.E. & Hernandez A.E. (2013). Language experience differentiates prefrontal and subcortical activation of the cognitive control network in novel word learning. NeuroImage, 67, 101–110. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.11.018
- Brannen M.Y. & Thomas D.C. (2010). Bicultural Individuals in Organizations: Implications and Opportunity. International Journal of Cross-Cultural Management, 10(1), 5–16. doi: 10.1177/1470595809359580
- Costa A., Hernandez M. & Sebastian-Galles N. (2008). Bilingualism aids conflict resolution: Evidence from the ANT task.Cognition, 106, 59–86. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2006.12.013
- Darcy N.T. (1953). A Review of the Literature on the Effects of Bilingualism upon the Measurement of Intelligence. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 82, 21–57.
- De Bot K. (2017). The future of the bilingual advantage. S. Pfenninger, J. Navracsics (Eds.). Future research directions for applied linguistics. Bristol: Multilingual Matters, 15–32.
- De Zulueta F. (1995). Bilingualism, Culture and Identity.Group Analysis, 28(2), 179–190. doi: 10.1177/0533316495282007
- Dewaele J.-M. & van Oudenhoven J. P. (2009). The effect of multilingualism/multiculturalism on personality: No gain without pain for third culture kids? International Journal of Multilingualism, 6(4), 443–459. doi: 10.1080/14790710903039906
- Dewaele J.-M. (2019). Multilingualism and trait emotional intelligence: an exploratory investigation. International Journal of Multilingualism.doi: 10.1080/14790718.2019.1571065.
- Dragoy O., Virfel O., Yurchenko A. & Bastiaanse R. (2019). Aspect and tense attrition in Russian-German bilingual speakers. International Journal of Bilingualism, 23(1), 275–295. doi: 10.1177/1367006917728388
- Folke T., Ouzia J., Bright P., De Martino B. & Filippi R. (2016). A bilingual disadvantage in metacognitive processing. Cognition, 150, 119–132. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2016.02.008
- Francis W.S. & Baca Y. (2014). Effects of language dominance on item and order memory in free recall, serial recall and order reconstruction. Memory, 22, 1060–1069. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2013.866253
- Gathercole V. & Thomas E. (2009). Bilingual first-language development: Dominant language takeover, threatened minority language take-up. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 12, 213–237. doi: 10.1017/S1366728909004015
- Gollan T.H., Montoya R. I., Cera C. & Sandoval T.C. (2008). More use almost always means a smaller frequency effect Aging, bilingualism, and the weaker links hypothesis. Journal of Memory and Language, 58, 787–814. doi: 10.1016/j.jml.2007.07.001
- Grosjean F. (2015). Bicultural bilinguals. International Journal of Bilingualism, 19(5), 572–586. 10.1177/1367006914526297
- Grosjeant F. (1er décembre 2016). La Suisse peine à compter ses bilingues. Retrieved from: https://www.letemps.ch/opinions/2016/11/30/suisse-peine-compter-bilingues (accessed: 1501.2019).
- Hirosh Z., & Degani T. (2018). Direct and indirect effects of multilingualism on novel language learning: An integrative review. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 25(3), 892–916. doi:10.3758/s13423-017-1315-7
- Kaushanskaya M. & Marian V. (2007). Bilingual language processing and interference in bilinguals: Evidence from eye tracking and picture naming. Language Learning, 57, 119–163. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9922.2007.00401.x
- Korzilius H., Van Hooft A., Planken B. & Hendrix C. (2011). Birds of different feathers? The relationship between multicultural personality dimensions and foreign language mastery in business professionals working in a Dutch agricultural multinational. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 35, 540–553. doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2011.02.018
- Lehtonen M., Soveri A., Laine A., Järvenpää J., de Bruin A. & Antfolk J. (2018). Is bilingualism associated with enhanced executive functioning in adults? A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 144(4), 394–425. doi: 10.1037/bul0000142
- Leontiev A.A. (2005). Psycholinguistic units and spawned speech. Moscow, KomKniga, 230.
- Leopold Werner F. Speech Development of a Bilingual Child. 4 Volumes. Evanston and Chicago, 1939–1950.
- Li P., Legault J. & Litcofsky K.A. (2014). Neuroplasticity as a function of second language learning: Anatomical changes in the human brain. Cortex, 58, 301–324. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2014.05.001
- Mackey W.F. (1956). Toward a Redefinition of Bilingualism. Canadian Journal of Linguistics, 2(R), 4–11.
- Mahon M. & Crutchley A. (2006). Performance of typically-developing school-age children with English as an additional language (EAL) on the British Picture Vocabulary Scales II (BPVS II). Child Language Teaching and Therapy, 22, 333–353. doi: 10.1191/0265659006ct311xx
- Mechelli A., Crinion J.T., Noppeney U., O'Doherty J., Ashburner J., Frackowiak R.S., & Price C.J. (2004). Structural plasticity in the bilingual brain. Nature, 431, 757. doi: 10.1038/431757a
- Mill J.S.(1861).Utiliatarianism. Fraser's Magazine.
- Morales-Galvez S. (2017). Living together as equals: Linguistic justice and sharing the public sphere in multilingual settings. Ethnicities,17(5), 646–666. doi: 10.1177/1468796816667143
- Nair V.K., Biedermann B. & Nickels L. (2016). Consequences of late bilingualism for novel word learning: Evidence from Tamil–English bilingual speakers. International Journal of Bilingualism, 20, 473–487. doi: 10.1177/1367006914567005
- Oller D.K. & Eilers R.E. (Eds.) (2002). Language and literacy in bilingual children. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. doi: 10.21832/9781853595721
- Paap K.R. & Greenberg Z.I. (2013). There is no coherent evidence for a bilingual advantage in executive processing. Cognitive Psychology, 66(2), 232–258. doi: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2012.12.002
- Pavlovitch M. (1920). Le langage enfantin: l’acquisition du serbe et du français par un enfant serbe. Paris.
- Peal E. & Lambert W.E. (1961). The Relation of Bilingualism to Intelligence. Multigraphed ed. Montreal: McGill University.
- Petrenko O.V., & Atnagulov I.R. (2014). Influence of Russian culture on the language of Russian Germans living in the territory of the Chelyabinsk region (on the project of creating a reference dictionary "Germans of the South Urals"). [Problemy istorii, filologii, kultury], 3(45), 232–235.
- Petrides K.V. & Furnham A. (2003). Trait emotional intelligence: Behavioural validation in two studies of emotion recognition and reactivity to mood induction. European Journal of Personality, 17, 39–57. doi:10.1002/per.466
- Portocarrero J.S., Burright R.G. & Donovick P.J. (2007). Vocabulary and verbal fluency of bilingual and monolingual college students. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 22, 415–422. doi: 10.1016/j.acn.2007.01.015
- Rogers C.L., Lister J.J., Febo D.M., Besing J.M. & Abrams H.B. (2006). Effects of bilingualism, noise, and reverberation on speech perception by listeners with normal hearing. Applied Psycholinguistics, 27, 465–485. doi: 10.1017/S014271640606036X
- Ronjat Jules. (1913). Le développement du langage observé chez un enfant bilingue. Paris.
- Shcherba L.V. (1974). On the issue of bilingualism. [L.V.Shcherba. Language system and speech activity]. Leningrd, Nauka, 313–318.
- Shaigerova L.A., Zinchenko Yu.P., Shilko R.S. & Raevsky A.E. (2018). The phenomenon of bilingualism and multilingualism as a challenge to education in the modern socio-cultural situation. [Lichnost' v epokhu peremen: mobilis in mobili: materialy mezhdunarodnoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii 17–18 dekabrya 2018 g.].Moscow, Smysl, 48–50.
- Shaigerova L. & Zinchenko Y. (2016). Ethnocultural identity in the modern Russian society: impact of the region. International Journal of Psychology, 51, Supplement S1, 437–437.
- Shin H.B. & Kominski R.A. (2010). Language use in the United States: 2007. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce Economics and Statistics Administration, U.S. Census Bureau.
- Simons G.F. & Fennig C.D. (eds.). (2018). Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Twenty-first edition.Dallas, Texas: SIL International, Retrieved from: http://www.ethnologue.com(accessed: 01.02.2019).
- (2012). Special Eurobarometer 386 – Europeans and their languages, 145. Retrieved from: http://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion/archives/ebs/ebs_386_en.pdf(accessed: 01.02.2019).
- Sultimova Z. (2005). Bilingualism as the basic basis of intercultural communication (based on the Republic of Buryatia case). Ph.D. in Cultural Sciences thesis. Ulan-Ude.
- Tautiev I.Kh. & Tsalikova M.A. (2014). Language construction and problems of bilingualism in the Republic of North Ossetia – Alania. [Sovremennye problemy nauki i obrazovaniya],5, 582–587.
- 15. Tishkov V.A., Stepanov V.V., Funk D.A. & Artemenko O.I. (2009). Status and support of linguistic diversity in the Russian Federation: expert report. Moscow.
- Valenzuela M.J. & Sachdev P. (2006). Brain reserve and dementia: A systematic review. Psychological Medicine, 36, 441–454. doi: 10.1017/S0033291705006264
- Valian V. (2015). Bilingualism and cognition. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition,18(1), 3–24. doi:10.1017/S1366728914000522.
- Vygotsky L.S. (1935). On the issue of multilingualism in childhood.[Umstvennoe razvitie detey v protsesse obucheniya].Moscow, Leningrad, Gosudarstvennoe uchebno-pedagogicheskoe izdatel'stvo, 53–72.
- Weinreich U. (1979). Language contacts: state and issues of research. Kiev, Visha skola.
- Whorf B.L. (1940). Science and linguistic. Technology Review, 42(6), 229–231.
- Zelazo P.D., Frye D. & Rapus T. (1996). An age-related dissociation between knowing rules and using them. Cognitive Development, 11, 37–63. doi: 10.1016/S0885-2014(96)90027-1
- Zinchenko Yu.P., Shaigerova L.A, Dolgikh A.G. & Savelieva O.A. (2019). Methodological problems of studying the influence of bilingualism on cognitive processes and ethnocultural identity. [Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta]. Series 14. Psychology, 1, 174–194.
- Zinchenko Yu.P. (ed.) (2017). Russian identity. Psychological well-being. Social stability: scientific monograph. Moscow, Izdatel’stvo Moskovskogo universiteta, 520.
To cite this article:
Shaigerova, L.A. , Roman S. Shilko, Zinchenko, Yu.P. .
Bilingualism and multilingualism as an interdisciplinary phenomenon: socio-cultural context, research problems and perspectives. // National Psychological Journal
2019. 1. p.3-15. doi: 10.11621/npj.2019.0101
Copied to Clipboard
Copy