Testing questionnaires “Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale”.

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Recieved: 01/18/2016

Accepted: 02/02/2016

Published: 07/06/2016

p.: 31-44

DOI: 10.11621/npj.2016.0105

Keywords: social anxiety; social phobia

Available online: 06.07.2016

To cite this article:

Sergei N. Enikolopov, Grigorieva I.V.. Testing questionnaires “Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale”.. // National Psychological Journal 2016. 1. p.31-44. doi: 10.11621/npj.2016.0105

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Sergei N. Enikolopov The Mental Health Research Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University

Grigorieva I.V.

Abstract

Social anxiety has a negative impact on individual’s daily life and disturbs his or hers social adaptation. Socially anxious people are often lonely, have difficulties in meeting new people and communicating with others. Social anxiety can also be a serious obstacle to professional growth and career development, can interfere with obtaining new skills and knowledge. Severe social anxiety is often associated with a variety of disorders, including depression, alcohol and drug addiction, eating disorders. However, social anxiety has a high prevalence among population. In this regard, it is becoming increasingly important to diagnose social anxiety. Therefore, the aim of our study was the validation of two questionnaires measuring social anxiety “Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale“ and “Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale“. The validation was conducted on 179 people (65 men and 114 women), aged from 18 to 35 years. “Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale“ measures the degree of anxiety and a tendency to avoidance occurring in various social situations: situations of social interaction and performance situations. «Fear of negative evaluation (brief version)» measures the central construct underlying social anxiety - the fear of negative evaluation. As a result of factor analysis of the data it is demonstrated, that “Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale“ has three-factor structure. Single-factor structure of the «Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale» is confirmed. It is shown that all the subscale “Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale“ and “Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (brief version)“ has good internal consistency, high test-retest reliability and external validity.

a:2:{s:4:"TEXT";s:56335:"<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="size_small">
<tbody><tr>
 <td>
 Questionnaire Item
 </td>
 <td>
 Mean
 </td>
 <td>
 Statistical Deviation
 </td>
 <td>
 Asymmetry
 </td>
 <td>
 Excess
 </td>
 <td>
 F1
 </td>
 <td>
 F2
 </td>
 <td>
 F3
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td colspan="8">
 Fear and avoidance of interpersonal contact
 situations
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 11. Talk face to face with an unfamiliar person
 (fear).
 </td>
 <td>
 0.90
 </td>
 <td>
 0.88
 </td>
 <td>
 0.70*
 </td>
 <td>
 -0.30**
 </td>
 <td>
 0.33
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 19. Look into in the eye of a stranger (fear).
 </td>
 <td>
 0.79
 </td>
 <td>
 0.88
 </td>
 <td>
 1.01
 </td>
 <td>
 0.33
 </td>
 <td>
 0.39
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 24. Not to succumb to the persuasion of the seller
 during shopping (fear).
 </td>
 <td>
 0.61
 </td>
 <td>
 0,80
 </td>
 <td>
 1.01
 </td>
 <td>
 -0.07
 </td>
 <td>
 0.44
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 9. Write when being observed (fear).
 </td>
 <td>
 0.95
 </td>
 <td>
 0.96
 </td>
 <td>
 0.71
 </td>
 <td>
 -0.49
 </td>
 <td>
 0.46
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 8. Work when being observed (fear).
 </td>
 <td>
 1.34
 </td>
 <td>
 0.97
 </td>
 <td>
 0.21
 </td>
 <td>
 -0.92
 </td>
 <td>
 0.48
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 10. Make a call to an unfamiliar person (fear).
 </td>
 <td>
 1.32
 </td>
 <td>
 0.99
 </td>
 <td>
 0.21
 </td>
 <td>
 -0.97
 </td>
 <td>
 0.51
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 11. Talk face to face with an unfamiliar person
 (avoidance).
 </td>
 <td>
 0.82
 </td>
 <td>
 0.84
 </td>
 <td>
 0.77
 </td>
 <td>
 -0.13
 </td>
 <td>
 0.51
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 24. Not to succumb to the persuasion of the seller
 during shopping (avoidance).
 </td>
 <td>
 0.73
 </td>
 <td>
 0.95
 </td>
 <td>
 1.05
 </td>
 <td>
 -0.09
 </td>
 <td>
 0.53
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 22. Return the product to the store (fear).
 </td>
 <td>
 1.13
 </td>
 <td>
 1.02
 </td>
 <td>
 0.38
 </td>
 <td>
 -1.06
 </td>
 <td>
 0.54
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 19. Look into in the eye of a stranger
 (avoidance).
 </td>
 <td>
 0.86
 </td>
 <td>
 0.93
 </td>
 <td>
 0.84
 </td>
 <td>
 -0.23
 </td>
 <td>
 0.54
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 7. Pay a visit (fear).
 </td>
 <td>
 0.60
 </td>
 <td>
 0.72
 </td>
 <td>
 0.86
 </td>
 <td>
 -0.20
 </td>
 <td>
 0.54
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 10. Make a call to an unfamiliar person
 (avoidance).
 </td>
 <td>
 1.16
 </td>
 <td>
 0.94
 </td>
 <td>
 0.31
 </td>
 <td>
 -0.85
 </td>
 <td>
 0.57
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 7. Pay a visit (avoidance).
 </td>
 <td>
 0.69
 </td>
 <td>
 0.83
 </td>
 <td>
 0.99
 </td>
 <td>
 0.18
 </td>
 <td>
 0.58
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 9. Write when being observed (avoidance).
 </td>
 <td>
 0.93
 </td>
 <td>
 1.00
 </td>
 <td>
 0.78
 </td>
 <td>
 -0.53
 </td>
 <td>
 0.61
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 8. Work when being observed (avoidance).
 </td>
 <td>
 1.33
 </td>
 <td>
 1.05
 </td>
 <td>
 0.21
 </td>
 <td>
 -1.16
 </td>
 <td>
 0.65
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 22. Return the product to the store (avoidance).
 </td>
 <td>
 1.13
 </td>
 <td>
 1.08
 </td>
 <td>
 0.45
 </td>
 <td>
 -1.10
 </td>
 <td>
 0.66
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 23. Invite guests (fear).
 </td>
 <td>
 0.59
 </td>
 <td>
 0.81
 </td>
 <td>
 1.28
 </td>
 <td>
 0.87
 </td>
 <td>
 0.72
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 23. Invite guests (avoidance).
 </td>
 <td>
 0.77
 </td>
 <td>
 0.94
 </td>
 <td>
 1.06
 </td>
 <td>
 0.11
 </td>
 <td>
 0.72
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td colspan="8">
 Fear and avoidance of situations of verbal
 communication and interaction
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 5. Talk to higher management (the boss) (fear).
 </td>
 <td>
 1.21
 </td>
 <td>
 0.88
 </td>
 <td>
 0.27
 </td>
 <td>
 -0.67
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
 <td>
 0.44
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 6. Speak in front of an audience (fear).
 </td>
 <td>
 1.74
 </td>
 <td>
 1.00
 </td>
 <td>
 -0.29
 </td>
 <td>
 -0.98
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
 <td>
 0.80
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 15. Be the center of attention (fear).
 </td>
 <td>
 1.04
 </td>
 <td>
 0.93
 </td>
 <td>
 0.55
 </td>
 <td>
 -0.57
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
 <td>
 0.61
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 16. Speak at the meeting without preparation
 (fear).
 </td>
 <td>
 1.29
 </td>
 <td>
 1.00
 </td>
 <td>
 0.27
 </td>
 <td>
 -0.99
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
 <td>
 0.81
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 18. Express one's disapproval and disagreement to
 an unfamiliar person (fear).
 </td>
 <td>
 0.93
 </td>
 <td>
 0.87
 </td>
 <td>
 0.50
 </td>
 <td>
 -0.67
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
 <td>
 0.47
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 20. Serve with prepared speech to a group of
 people (fear).
 </td>
 <td>
 1.20
 </td>
 <td>
 0.98
 </td>
 <td>
 0.36
 </td>
 <td>
 -0.87
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
 <td>
 0.83
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 5. Talk to higher management (the boss)
 (avoidance).
 </td>
 <td>
 0.98
 </td>
 <td>
 0.82
 </td>
 <td>
 0.35
 </td>
 <td>
 -0.71
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
 <td>
 0.44
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 6. Speak in front of an audience (избегание.)
 </td>
 <td>
 1.24
 </td>
 <td>
 0.99
 </td>
 <td>
 0.28
 </td>
 <td>
 -0.98
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
 <td>
 0.78
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 15. Be the center of attention (avoidance).
 </td>
 <td>
 0.97
 </td>
 <td>
 0.87
 </td>
 <td>
 0.64
 </td>
 <td>
 -0.22
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
 <td>
 0.45
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 16. Speak at the meeting without preparation
 (avoidance).
 </td>
 <td>
 1.22
 </td>
 <td>
 0.95
 </td>
 <td>
 0.29
 </td>
 <td>
 -0.85
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
 <td>
 0.77
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 18. Express one's disapproval and disagreement to
 an unfamiliar person (avoidance).
 </td>
 <td>
 1.18
 </td>
 <td>
 0.89
 </td>
 <td>
 0.16
 </td>
 <td>
 -0.87
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
 <td>
 0.35
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 20. Serve with prepared speech to a group of
 people (avoidance).
 </td>
 <td>
 0.92
 </td>
 <td>
 0.89
 </td>
 <td>
 0.66
 </td>
 <td>
 -0.39
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
 <td>
 0.76
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td colspan="8">
 Fear and avoidance of doing something in public
 places
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 1. Talk on the phone in public places (fear).
 </td>
 <td>
 0.47
 </td>
 <td>
 0.69
 </td>
 <td>
 1.34
 </td>
 <td>
 1.23
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
 <td>
 0.44
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 3. Eat in public places (fear).
 </td>
 <td>
 0.53
 </td>
 <td>
 0.74
 </td>
 <td>
 1.11
 </td>
 <td>
 0.01
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
 <td>
 0.75
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 4. Drink in public places (fear).
 </td>
 <td>
 0.22
 </td>
 <td>
 0.54
 </td>
 <td>
 2.58
 </td>
 <td>
 6.69
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
 <td>
 0.84
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 13. Ease oneself in public places (fear).
 </td>
 <td>
 0.49
 </td>
 <td>
 0.82
 </td>
 <td>
 1.62
 </td>
 <td>
 1.77
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
 <td>
 0.39
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 1. Ease oneself in public toilet (avoidance).
 </td>
 <td>
 0.63
 </td>
 <td>
 0.88
 </td>
 <td>
 1.05
 </td>
 <td>
 -0.22
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
 <td>
 0.31
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 3. Talk on the phone in public places (avoidance).
 </td>
 <td>
 0.76
 </td>
 <td>
 0.86
 </td>
 <td>
 0.92
 </td>
 <td>
 0.06
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
 <td>
 0.32
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 4. Eat in public places (avoidance).
 </td>
 <td>
 0.62
 </td>
 <td>
 0.79
 </td>
 <td>
 0.93
 </td>
 <td>
 -0.30
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
 <td>
 0.70
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 13. Drink in public places (avoidance).
 </td>
 <td>
 0.30
 </td>
 <td>
 0.64
 </td>
 <td>
 2.44
 </td>
 <td>
 6.11
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
 <td>
 0.77
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td colspan="8">
 * The value of the standard error of the asymmetry
 for all items is 0.189.
 ** The value of the standard error of kurtosis for
 all items is equal to 0.361.
 </td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>

 Table 1. Descriptive statistics of items and factor loadings of the “Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale”final version.

 
<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
 <td>
 
 Scale
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 Cronbach's Alpha
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 Pearson's Correlation Coefficient
 
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 
 Fear of interpersonal contact situations
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 .835
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 .789**
 
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 
 Fear of verbal communication and interaction situations
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 .793
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 .801**
 
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 
 Fear of doing something in public places
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 .629
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 .812**
 
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 
 Avoidance of interpersonal contact situations
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 .785
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 .773**
 
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 
 Avoiding situations of verbal communication and interaction
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 .708
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 .799**
 
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 
 Avoiding taking actions in public places
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 .609
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 .765**
 
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 
 The total score of "Fear"
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 .870
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 .772**
 
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 
 The total score of "Avoidance"
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 .813
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 .807**
 
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 
 Total scores
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 .908
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 .754**
 
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td colspan="3">
 
 ** Significance level p = 0.01
 
 </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
 

 Table 2. The values of Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficient of and test-retest reliability of the questionnaire scales “Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale”.

 

<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tbody><tr>
 <td>
 №
 </td>
 <td>
 Questionnaire Item
 </td>
 <td>
 Mean
 </td>
 <td>
 Statistical Deviation
 </td>
 <td>
 Asymmetry
 </td>
 <td>
 Excess
 </td>
 <td>
 F1
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 1
 </td>
 <td>
 I care about other people's opinion of me even if
 I know that it does not really matter.
 </td>
 <td>
 3.10
 </td>
 <td>
 1.12
 </td>
 <td>
 -0.27
 </td>
 <td>
 -0.87
 </td>
 <td>
 0.75
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 2
 </td>
 <td>
 I worry if I know that I made a bad impression.
 </td>
 <td>
 3.37
 </td>
 <td>
 1.14
 </td>
 <td>
 -0.42
 </td>
 <td>
 -0.67
 </td>
 <td>
 0.77
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 3
 </td>
 <td>
 I am very worried because others may notice my
 shortcomings.
 </td>
 <td>
 2.92
 </td>
 <td>
 1.15
 </td>
 <td>
 -0.02
 </td>
 <td>
 -0.81
 </td>
 <td>
 0.72
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 4
 </td>
 <td>
 I'm worried what impression I make on others.
 </td>
 <td>
 3.26
 </td>
 <td>
 1.12
 </td>
 <td>
 -0.50
 </td>
 <td>
 -0.60
 </td>
 <td>
 0.84
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 5
 </td>
 <td>
 I'm afraid others can relate to me with
 disapproval.
 </td>
 <td>
 2.78
 </td>
 <td>
 1.22
 </td>
 <td>
 0.11
 </td>
 <td>
 -1.08
 </td>
 <td>
 0.75
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 6
 </td>
 <td>
 I'm afraid to be found fault with.
 </td>
 <td>
 2.63
 </td>
 <td>
 1.24
 </td>
 <td>
 0.26
 </td>
 <td>
 -1.06
 </td>
 <td>
 0.69
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 7
 </td>
 <td>
 I'm concerned what opinion others might have of
 me.
 </td>
 <td>
 2.96
 </td>
 <td>
 1.24
 </td>
 <td>
 -0.04
 </td>
 <td>
 -1.04
 </td>
 <td>
 0.83
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 8
 </td>
 <td>
 When I'm talking with someone I cannot stop
 thinking about the impression I make on the interlocutor.
 </td>
 <td>
 2.31
 </td>
 <td>
 1.11
 </td>
 <td>
 0.81
 </td>
 <td>
 0.13
 </td>
 <td>
 0.61
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 9
 </td>
 <td>
 I always think about the impression I make on
 others.
 </td>
 <td>
 2.62
 </td>
 <td>
 1.19
 </td>
 <td>
 0.33
 </td>
 <td>
 -0.86
 </td>
 <td>
 0.74
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 10
 </td>
 <td>
 If I know someone appreciates me I'm starting to
 worry.
 </td>
 <td>
 3.07
 </td>
 <td>
 1.25
 </td>
 <td>
 -0.17
 </td>
 <td>
 -1.02
 </td>
 <td>
 0.66
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 11
 </td>
 <td>
 Sometimes it seems to me I was too much concerned
 about what people around think of me.
 </td>
 <td>
 2.65
 </td>
 <td>
 1.33
 </td>
 <td>
 0.27
 </td>
 <td>
 -1.21
 </td>
 <td>
 0.78
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 12
 </td>
 <td>
 I often worried that I can say or do something
 wrong.
 </td>
 <td>
 2.99
 </td>
 <td>
 1.24
 </td>
 <td>
 -0.10
 </td>
 <td>
 -1.07
 </td>
 <td>
 0.66
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td colspan="2">
 Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale
 </td>
 <td>
 35.33
 </td>
 <td>
 11.17
 </td>
 <td>
 -0.21
 </td>
 <td>
 -0.63
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td colspan="7">
 * The value of the standard error of the asymmetry
 for all items is 0.189.
 ** The value of the standard error of kurtosis for
 all items is equal to 0.361.
 </td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>Table 3. Descriptive statistics and factor loadings for the items «Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale».

<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
 <td>
 
 Scale
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 Cronbach's Alpha
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 Pearson's Correlation Coefficient
 
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 
 Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 0.912
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 .782**
 
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td colspan="3">
 
 “Significance level p=0.05
 
 </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

 Table 4. Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficient values and Pearson’s Coefficient values for «Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale».<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="size_small">
<tbody><tr>
 <td>
 №
 </td>
 <td colspan="3">
 Questionnaire
 Item
 </td>
 <td>
 Mean
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 Statistical
 Deviation
 </td>
 <td colspan="3">
 Asymmetry
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 Excess
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 F1
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 F2
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 F3
 </td>
 <td>
 F4
 </td>
 <td>
 F5
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td colspan="20">
 Fear
 of rejection and criticism with interpersonal contacts
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 7
 </td>
 <td colspan="3">
 When
 you feel sympathy (or fall in love) do you talk about it to this person or
 fear of rejection?
 </td>
 <td>
 2.59
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 0.96
 </td>
 <td colspan="3">
 -0.12
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 -0.90
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 0.83
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 22
 </td>
 <td colspan="3">
 Do
 you feel uncomfortable if a person of the opposite sex gives you signs on
 attention?
 </td>
 <td>
 2.36
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 1.02
 </td>
 <td colspan="3">
 0.07
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 -1.14
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 0.78
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 25
 </td>
 <td colspan="3">
 Is it
 difficult to you to take the initiative getting acquainted with someone of
 the opposite sex?
 </td>
 <td>
 2.47
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 0.96
 </td>
 <td colspan="3">
 0.09
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 -0.92
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 0.53
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 11
 </td>
 <td colspan="3">
 Do
 you ever hesitate (blush, depress your eyes) if you talk to a person of the
 opposite sex?
 </td>
 <td>
 2.34
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 0.97
 </td>
 <td colspan="3">
 0.26
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 -0.87
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 0.51
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 4
 </td>
 <td colspan="3">
 Is it
 true you could hardly make new friends?
 </td>
 <td>
 2.19
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 1.03
 </td>
 <td colspan="3">
 0.39
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 -1.00
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 0.40
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 0.33
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
 <td>
 0.45
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 3
 </td>
 <td colspan="3">
 Do
 you have trouble talking with colleagues at work (at college), look them
 straight in the eye?
 </td>
 <td>
 1.72
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 1.03
 </td>
 <td colspan="3">
 1.21
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 0.13
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 0.40
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 15
 </td>
 <td colspan="3">
 Is it
 difficult to you to perform the job (any job). if someone is watching you?
 </td>
 <td>
 2.70
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 0.89
 </td>
 <td colspan="3">
 -0.31
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 -0.56
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 0.34
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td colspan="20">
 Desire
 to overcome anxiety in social situations
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 16
 </td>
 <td colspan="3">
 Is it
 true that you would like to overcome shyness when talking with some
 interesting people?
 </td>
 <td>
 2.65
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 1.09
 </td>
 <td colspan="3">
 -0.20
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 -1.24
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 0.36
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 21
 </td>
 <td colspan="3">
 Does
 your heartbeat quicken and / or do you feel a lump in your throat at the
 thought that tomorrow you will have to talk with the boss about the work done?
 </td>
 <td>
 2.22
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 0.98
 </td>
 <td colspan="3">
 0.26
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 -0.98
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 0.45
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td>
 0.47
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 27
 </td>
 <td colspan="3">
 In an
 interview with the chief of you find it difficult to not give signs of
 excitement and anxiety?
 </td>
 <td>
 2.20
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 0.90
 </td>
 <td colspan="3">
 0.26
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 -0.74
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 0.49
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 26
 </td>
 <td colspan="3">
 After
 passing the examination (and certification or other) do you continue to think
 back to how it was?
 </td>
 <td>
 2.86
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 1.00
 </td>
 <td colspan="3">
 -0.33
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 -1.03
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 0.51
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
 <td>
 0.31
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 19
 </td>
 <td colspan="3">
 Does
 your voice sound as confident as you would like it to be (or trembles. or
 your voice is lost) if you have to speak in front of an unknown audience?
 </td>
 <td>
 2.43
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 1.19
 </td>
 <td colspan="3">
 0.04
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 -1.52
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 0.52
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 6
 </td>
 <td colspan="3">
 Do
 you try to hide the signs of agitation (shaking hands. trembling voice.
 sweating palms. etc.) in a situation when giving a talk in front of an
 audience?
 </td>
 <td>
 2.95
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 1.02
 </td>
 <td colspan="3">
 -0.70
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 -0.58
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 0.55
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 10
 </td>
 <td colspan="3">
 Do
 you feel excited at the thought of the approaching exam. certification even
 if you are thoroughly prepared?
 </td>
 <td>
 2.98
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 1.01
 </td>
 <td colspan="3">
 -0.66
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 -0.69
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 0.58
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
 <td>
 
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td colspan="20">
 Avoidance
 of social situations
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 2
 </td>
 <td>
 Do
 you ever want to go to a party. but stay at home because you feel shy.
 worried and cannot overcome this feeling?
 </td>
 <td>
 1.94
 </td>
 <td colspan="3">
 0.96
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 0.73
 </td>
 <td>
 -0.46
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 0.47
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="3">
 
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 13
 </td>
 <td>
 Is it
 true that you probably prefer to search for the address than ask for help
 from a passerby. even if in a hurry?
 </td>
 <td>
 1.99
 </td>
 <td colspan="3">
 1.05
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 0.70
 </td>
 <td>
 -0.74
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 0.78
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="3">
 
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 14
 </td>
 <td>
 Paperwork
 is painful and you try to avoid it as it requires taking initiative when
 dealing with unknown people?
 </td>
 <td>
 2.06
 </td>
 <td colspan="3">
 1.02
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 0.50
 </td>
 <td>
 -0.95
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 0.73
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="3">
 
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 20
 </td>
 <td>
 If
 you need to phone call an unknown person you have to set your mind on it.
 despite this. worried while talking?
 </td>
 <td>
 2.63
 </td>
 <td colspan="3">
 1.08
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 -0.22
 </td>
 <td>
 -1.21
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 0.33
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="3">
 
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 28
 </td>
 <td>
 You
 prefer to lose money and not return the defective product to the store
 because of the fear of criticism or discontent?
 </td>
 <td>
 2.04
 </td>
 <td colspan="3">
 0.90
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 0.34
 </td>
 <td>
 -0.89
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 0.52
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="3">
 
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 4
 </td>
 <td>
 Is it
 true that you can hardly make new friends?
 </td>
 <td>
 2.19
 </td>
 <td colspan="3">
 1.03
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 0.39
 </td>
 <td>
 -1.00
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 0.40
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 0.33
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="3">
 0.45
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td colspan="20">
 Self-critical
 attitude and a negative evaluation of others
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 9
 </td>
 <td>
 Do
 you think that others evaluate you negatively and reject when communicating?
 </td>
 <td>
 1.50
 </td>
 <td colspan="3">
 0.75
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 1.69
 </td>
 <td>
 2.82
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 0.36
 </td>
 <td colspan="3">
 
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 17
 </td>
 <td>
 Do
 you sometimes happen to behave deliberately loose in the company. trying to
 hide your excitement (embarrassment)?
 </td>
 <td>
 2.27
 </td>
 <td colspan="3">
 0.92
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 0.11
 </td>
 <td>
 -0.89
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 0.57
 </td>
 <td colspan="3">
 
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 18
 </td>
 <td>
 Do
 your realize that your friend is unlikely to refuse your request to borrow a
 book for a few days. you still do not dare to ask him about it?
 </td>
 <td>
 1.86
 </td>
 <td colspan="3">
 0.88
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 0.81
 </td>
 <td>
 -0.05
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 0.49
 </td>
 <td colspan="3">
 
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 23
 </td>
 <td>
 Do
 you sometimes happen to hesitate to try on clothes before you buy?
 </td>
 <td>
 1.54
 </td>
 <td colspan="3">
 0.89
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 1.40
 </td>
 <td>
 0.68
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 0.77
 </td>
 <td colspan="3">
 
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 24
 </td>
 <td>
 Do
 you try to delay (or avoid) participating in the assessment of your knowledge
 and skills?
 </td>
 <td>
 2.37
 </td>
 <td colspan="3">
 1.07
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 -0.01
 </td>
 <td>
 -1.30
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 0.44
 </td>
 <td colspan="3">
 
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 29
 </td>
 <td>
 Sometimes
 in a cafe or diner you feel awkward and uncomfortable being afraid that in
 the eyes of public you look "like something is wrong" (worse than
 usual)?
 </td>
 <td>
 1.84
 </td>
 <td colspan="3">
 0.92
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 0.63
 </td>
 <td>
 -0.84
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 0.65
 </td>
 <td colspan="3">
 
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 21
 </td>
 <td>
 Does
 your heartbeat quicken and / or do you feel a lump in your throat at the thought that
 tomorrow you will have to talk with the boss about the work done?
 </td>
 <td>
 2.22
 </td>
 <td colspan="3">
 0.98
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 0.26
 </td>
 <td>
 -0.98
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 0.45
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 0.47
 </td>
 <td colspan="3">
 
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td colspan="20">
 Feeling
 lack of social skills
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 1
 </td>
 <td>
 Do
 you happen you feel anxiety and excitement when meeting and you do not know
 how to behave with unknown people.?
 </td>
 <td>
 2.71
 </td>
 <td colspan="3">
 0.93
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 -0.36
 </td>
 <td>
 -0.66
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="3">
 0.48
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 5
 </td>
 <td>
 Do
 you think that others can discuss your "embarrassing behaviour" or
 "shortcomings" after talking with you?
 </td>
 <td>
 2.39
 </td>
 <td colspan="3">
 0.91
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 0.09
 </td>
 <td>
 -0.78
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="3">
 0.31
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 8
 </td>
 <td>
 You
 rather say nothing than the defend their point of view in a dispute?
 </td>
 <td>
 1.99
 </td>
 <td colspan="3">
 0.85
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 0.41
 </td>
 <td>
 -0.64
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="3">
 0.72
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 12
 </td>
 <td>
 Do
 you feel uncomfortable when you have to refuse the request of a friend?
 </td>
 <td>
 3.10
 </td>
 <td colspan="3">
 0.87
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 -0.83
 </td>
 <td>
 0.14
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="3">
 0.52
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 4
 </td>
 <td>
 Is
 it true that you hardly make new friends?
 </td>
 <td>
 2.19
 </td>
 <td colspan="3">
 1.03
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 0.39
 </td>
 <td>
 -1.00
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 0.40
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 0.33
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="3">
 0.45
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 26
 </td>
 <td>
 After
 passing the examination (and certification or other) do you continue to think
 back to how it was?
 </td>
 <td>
 2.86
 </td>
 <td colspan="3">
 1.00
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 -0.33
 </td>
 <td>
 -1.03
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 0.51
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="2">
 
 </td>
 <td colspan="3">
 0.31
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td colspan="20">
 *
 The value of the standard error of the asymmetry for all items is 0.238.
 **
 The value of the standard error of kurtosis for all items is equal to 0.474.
 </td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>Table 5. Descriptive statistics and factor loadings of items «Questionnaire of Social Anxiety and Social Phobia.»

<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tbody><tr>
 <td>
 Scale
 </td>
 <td>
 Cronbach's Alpha
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 Fear of rejection and criticism of interpersonal
 contact situations 
 </td>
 <td>
 0.762
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 The desire to overcome anxiety in social situations 
 </td>
 <td>
 0.654
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 Commitment to avoidance of social situations 
 </td>
 <td>
 0.701
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 Self-critical attitude of others 
 </td>
 <td>
 0.714
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 The experience of the lack of social skills 
 </td>
 <td>
 0.564
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 Total score 
 </td>
 <td>
 0.852
 </td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
Table 6. The values of Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient for the «Questionnaire Social Anxiety and Social Phobia» scale

<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" class="size_small">
<tbody><tr>
 <td>
 Scale
 </td>
 <td>
 Fear of rejection and criticism with interpersonal contact
 </td>
 <td>
 Desire to overcome anxiety in social situations
 </td>
 <td>
 Avoidance in social situations
 </td>
 <td>
 Self-critical attitude and a negative evaluation of others
 </td>
 <td>
 Feeling lack of social skills
 </td>
 <td>
 Total Score for «Questionnaire Social Anxiety and Social Phobia»
 </td>
 <td>
 Beck Depression Inventory
 </td>
 <td>
 Scale of Personal Anxiety
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 Fear of interpersonal contact situations
 </td>
 <td>
 .527**
 </td>
 <td>
 .291**
 </td>
 <td>
 .599**
 </td>
 <td>
 .466**
 </td>
 <td>
 .420**
 </td>
 <td>
 .637**
 </td>
 <td>
 .241*
 </td>
 <td>
 .403**
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 Fear of verbal communication and interaction situations
 </td>
 <td>
 .409**
 </td>
 <td>
 .598**
 </td>
 <td>
 .287**
 </td>
 <td>
 .379**
 </td>
 <td>
 .452**
 </td>
 <td>
 .546**
 </td>
 <td>
 .252*
 </td>
 <td>
 .498**
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 Fear of doing something in public places
 </td>
 <td>
 .231*
 </td>
 <td>
 .196**
 </td>
 <td>
 .278**
 </td>
 <td>
 .268**
 </td>
 <td>
 .234*
 </td>
 <td>
 .320**
 </td>
 <td>
 0.16
 </td>
 <td>
 .242*
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 Avoiding of interpersonal contact
 </td>
 <td>
 .589**
 </td>
 <td>
 .243*
 </td>
 <td>
 .619**
 </td>
 <td>
 .445**
 </td>
 <td>
 .396**
 </td>
 <td>
 .631**
 </td>
 <td>
 .265**
 </td>
 <td>
 .441**
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 Avoiding situations of verbal communication and interaction
 </td>
 <td>
 .394**
 </td>
 <td>
 .534**
 </td>
 <td>
 .398**
 </td>
 <td>
 .343**
 </td>
 <td>
 .404**
 </td>
 <td>
 .538**
 </td>
 <td>
 .203*
 </td>
 <td>
 .466**
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 Avoiding doing something in public places
 </td>
 <td>
 .258**
 </td>
 <td>
 .197*
 </td>
 <td>
 .293**
 </td>
 <td>
 .191*
 </td>
 <td>
 .270**
 </td>
 <td>
 .318**
 </td>
 <td>
 .206*
 </td>
 <td>
 .308**
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 Total Score for "Fear”
 </td>
 <td>
 .535**
 </td>
 <td>
 .448**
 </td>
 <td>
 .536**
 </td>
 <td>
 .494**
 </td>
 <td>
 .491**
 </td>
 <td>
 .678**
 </td>
 <td>
 .285**
 </td>
 <td>
 .503**
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 Total Score for "Avoidance”
 </td>
 <td>
 .601**
 </td>
 <td>
 .420**
 </td>
 <td>
 .630**
 </td>
 <td>
 .456**
 </td>
 <td>
 .484**
 </td>
 <td>
 .701**
 </td>
 <td>
 .303**
 </td>
 <td>
 .547**
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 Total Score
 </td>
 <td>
 .608**
 </td>
 <td>
 .466**
 </td>
 <td>
 .624**
 </td>
 <td>
 .511**
 </td>
 <td>
 .523**
 </td>
 <td>
 .739**
 </td>
 <td>
 .315**
 </td>
 <td>
 .562**
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td>
 Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale
 </td>
 <td>
 .305**
 </td>
 <td>
 .275**
 </td>
 <td>
 .257**
 </td>
 <td>
 .338**
 </td>
 <td>
 .503**
 </td>
 <td>
 .468**
 </td>
 <td>
 0.19
 </td>
 <td>
 .467**
 </td>
</tr>
<tr>
 <td colspan="9">
 * Correlation is significant at p = 0.05 ** Correlation is
 significant at the p = 0.01
 </td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>

 Table 7. Correlation of “Liebowitz Social Anxiety
Scale”and Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale» with various psychological
characteristics.
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To cite this article:

Sergei N. Enikolopov, Grigorieva I.V.. Testing questionnaires “Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale”.. // National Psychological Journal 2016. 1. p.31-44. doi: 10.11621/npj.2016.0105

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