Perspectives for research of the procrastination phenomenon in professional work

Barabanshchikova, V.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University

Marusanova Galina I. Lomonosov Moscow State University

Table 1. Statistical summary of scientific publications on the phenomenon of procrastination, as of 1985-2015 by decade

	Time period
	before 1985	1985 - 1995	1995 - 2005	2005 - 2015
Number of Publications, %	1.1	6.8	26.1	66

Table 2. Statistical summary of scientific publications on the phenomenon of procrastination, as of 1985-2015 by lustrum

	Time period
	1980-1985	1985-1990	1990-1995	1995-2000	2000-2005	2005-2010	2010-2015
Number of Publications, %	1.1	2.3	4.5	10.2	15.9	23.9	42.1

Table 3. Research features of procrastination phenomenon in the labour force

Job Position	Occupation	Research Drection, Bibliographic Reference
Sphere of Education
Experts	Teachers of High School	Features and causes of procrastination in pedagogical activity (Seo, 2012)
		Procrastination relationship with occupational stress (Van Wyk, 2004)
		The relationship of procrastination, occupational stress (as an intermediate variable) and job satisfaction (Mohsin, Ayub, 2014)
Managerial Personnel	School Principal and School Deputy Principal	The relationship between procrastination and decision-making styles (Ugurlu, 2013)
	College Administration (Management)	The relationship of behavioural tendencies to procrastination with self-esteem and a tendency to perfectionism (Ying, 2012)
Other Professional Spheres
Experts	IT-specialists, members of virtual project teams	The relationship between the propensity for procrastination and the level of severity of occupational stress (Barabanshhikova, Kaminskaja, 2013)
Management	Managers and heads of IT- companies and financial institutions	The degree of procrastination in reference with the time perspective of personality types (Parsons, Soucie, 1988)
	Administration of the governing bodies of the physical culture and sport	Features of functioning of procrastination phenomenon in connection with the specific management activities (Gupta, Hershey, Gaur, 2012)

Table 4. Comparative characteristic features of «passive» and «active» procrastination

"Passive" procrastination	"Active" procrastination
The initial absence of intention to delay the execution of affairs	Awareness of capabilities of timely treatment to the assignment
Delaying the solution of problems due to the inability to make quick decisions	Conscious postponement of doing things with a view to focusing on the most important and priority

Table 5. Comparative characteristics of the psychological features of people who are prone to the «passive» or «active» procrastination, and individuals who do not display a tendency to procrastination

	"Passive" Procrastinator	"Active" Procrastinator	"Non-Procrastinator"
Time Control	Shallow focus of spending time;The low level of interim control	The targeted time management; The high level of temporary control
	-	High value of personal level of control time	Low Value of personal level of control time
	High level of time structuring		Low level of time structuring
Self-efficacy	Relatively low levels of self-efficacy assessment	High levels of self-efficacy assessment
Motivational Orientation	Severe expression of extrinsic motivation activities	-	Low expression of extrinsic motivation activities
Coping Strategies with Sress	Low utilization of coping strategies, stress management, goal-oriented		Using the productive coping goal- oriented and stress management strategies
	Using avoidance strategies in stressful situations	Low degree of using avoidance strategies in stressful situations
Individual Characteristics	Low levels of satisfaction with life; Expressing feelings of stress and depression; Low GPA	The high level of satisfaction with life; Low levels of depression and stress; High GPA

Table 6. Ordering the techniques aimed at diagnosing of procrastination

Designation method	Author Board	Year of Publication	Sample Characteristics
Original Techniques and Methods
Aitken Procrastination Inventory (API)	M.E. Aitken	1982	College Students
Procrastination Log - Behavior	F.G. Lopez, C.A. Wambach	1982	University Students
Procrastination Assessment Scale - Student (PASS)	L.J. Solomon, E.D. Rothblum	1984	College Students
Procrastination Self-Statement Inventory (PSSI)	P.R. Grecco	1984	University Students
General Procrastination Scale (GPS)	C. Lay	1986	College Students
Adult Inventory of Procrastination (AIP)	W.G. McCown, J.L. Johnson	1989	University Students
Test Procrastination Questionnaire (TPQ)	P. Kalechstein, D. Hocevar, J.W. Zimmer, M. Kalechstein	1989	University Students
Tuckman Procrastination Scale (TPS)	B.W. Tuckman	1991	College Students
Academic Procrastination State Inventory (APSI)	H.C. Schouwenburg	1995	University Students
Academic Procrastination Scale (APS)	N. Milgram, Y. Toubiana	1999	Adolescents (Age: 13-16 years) and their parents *
Active Procrastination Scale (APS)	J.N. Choi, S.V. Moran	2009	University Students
Pure Procrastination Scale (PPS)	P. Steel	2010	Adolescents (Mean age - 14 years)
The Russian-Language Adaptation
General Procrastination Scale (GPS)	C. Lay (Adaptation by О.С. Windeker, M.V. Ostanina)	1986 (2014)	University Students
Procrastination Assessment Scale - Student (PASS)	L.J. Solomon, E.D. Rothblum (Adaptation by M.V. Zvereva)	1984 (2015)	Females and males, age: 18-25 years, education is not lower than complete secondary education
* Parents of participants were offered to recall possible procrastination events from their childhood

Fig. 1. Specific features of procrastination manifestations in various activities

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