Procrastination phenomenon in the activities of athletes of individual and team sports.

Barabanshchikova, V.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University

Ostanina, Maria V. Lomonosov Moscow State University

Klimova, Oxana A. Lomonosov Moscow State University

Table1. Sample Description

Occupation	Males		Females		General Sample
	Quantity	Average Age	Quantity	Average Age	Quantity	Average Age
Individual Sport	21	18,3	12	20,82	33	19,19
Team Sport	28	18,86	12	17,25	40	18,38
Students	8	21	24	21,3	32	21,25

Table 2. Methods of Research

Methods	Scale (Index)	Description
Tuckman Procrastination Scale	Procrastination	Tendency to procrastinate
Kuhl Action Control Scale	Decision-related action orientation	The ability of the subject to be distracted from defective competing intentions and other irrelevant, interfering information (Kuhl, 1994а).
	Performance related action orientation	The ability of the subject to implement the necessary intention to keep the focus of current intention, to persevere (Kuhl, 1994а).
	Failure-related action orientation	The ability of the subject to initiate the process of implementation intentions despite difficulties (Kuhl, 1994а).
Melbourne  Decision Making  Questionnaire   (MDMQ)	Vigilance	The main stylistic characteristics of a person as the decision-maker is associated with cognitive complexity, the need for knowledge and tolerance of uncertainty. Goals and objectives of the decision, consideration of alternatives associated with the search for information, assimilating "without prejudice" and evaluation of the choice (Kornilova, 2013).
	Procrastination	Procrastination (Kornilova, 2013).
	Avoidance	Avoidance of independent decision-making, shifting responsibility and rationalization of dubious alternatives (Kornilova, 2013).
	Hypervigilance	Unjustified hesitating between different alternatives, impulsive decision, promising to get rid of the situation. In extreme forms panic when choosing between alternatives (Kornilova, 2013).
Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI)	Past-Positive	Expresses the degree of acceptance of his/her own past in which every experience is experience, contributing to the development and led to the current state.
	Past-Negative	Expresses the degree of rejection of the past, disgusting, full of pain and frustration (Zimbardo, 1999).
	Future	Expresses individual goals and plans for the future (Zimbardo, 1999).
	Future-Fatalistic	It is seen as independent of the will of the individual, initially predefined and personality, i.e. the fate of the slave (Zimbardo, 1999).
	Present-Hedonistic	The present seems detached from the past and the future, the only o is pleasure (Zimbardo, 1999).

Table 3. Descriptive statistics of the total sample according to the methods proposed.

Scales	Individual Athletes (n=33)	Team Athletes (n=40)	Students (n=32)
	Mean (mean deviation)	Mean (mean deviation)	Mean (mean deviation)
Procrastination	89,48 (12,17)	97,13 (9,33)	96,06 (16,90)
Failure-related action orientation	5,15 (2,46)	4,72 (1,83)	5,81 (2,70)
Decision-related action orientation	6,24 (2,36)	5,27 (2,66)	5,53 (2,57)
Performance related action orientation	7,36 (2,50)	6,88 (3,25)	7,90 (2,88)
Vigilance	14,97 (2,11)	14,33 (2,15)	14,94 (3,20)
Procrastination	10,66 (2,01)	10,15 (3,66)	10,31 (3,81)
Avoidance	8 (1,80)	8,02 (2,08)	9,03 (3,45)
Hypervigilance	8,81 (1,78)	8,95 (2,29)	9 (2,82)
Past-Positive	2,53 (0,67)	3,06 (0,74)	2,42 (0,74)
Past-Negative	3,42 (0,60)	3,48 (0,81)	3,09 (0,94)
Future	3,68 (0,50)	3,48 (0,78)	3,60 (0,68)
Future-Fatalistic	3,97 (0,52)	3,41 (0,88)	3,67 (0,68)
Present-Hedonistic	2,91 (0,76)	2,76 (0,61)	2,75 (0,80)

Table 4. The significance of differences between individual athletes and team athletes at the scales of the proposed questionnaires (Mann-Whitney test)).

Scales	Individual Athletes	Team Athletes	Уровень значимости (P)
	Mean (mean deviation)	Mean (mean deviation)
Procrastination	89,48 (12,17)	97,13 (9,33)	0,003
Failure-related action orientation	5,15 (2,46)	4,72 (1,83)	0,446
Decision-related action orientation	6,24 (2,36)	5,27 (2,66)	0,115
Performance related action orientation	7,36 (2,50)	6,88 (3,25)	0,522
Vigilance	14,97 (2,11)	14,33 (2,15)	0,170
Avoidance	10,66 (2,01)	10,15 (3,66)	0,680
Procrastination (coping)	8 (1,80)	8,02 ( 2,08)	0,915
Hypervigilance	8,81 (1,78)	8,95 (2,29)	0,653
Past-Negative	2,53 (0,67)	3,06 (0,74)	0,010
Present-Hedonistic	3,42 (0,60)	3,48 (0,81)	0,516
Future	3,68 (0,50)	3,48 (0,78)	0,216
Past-Positive	3,97 (0,52)	3,41 (0,88)	0,002
Future-Fatalistic	2,91 (0,76)	2,76 (0,61)	0,602

References

Beswick, G., Rothblum, E., & Mann, L. (1988) Psychological antecedents of student procrastination. Australian Psychologist. 23, 207-217.

Burka, J.B., Yuen, L.M. (2008) Procrastination: Why you do it, what to do about it, Reading, M.A. Addison-Whesley.

Costa, P.T.J., McCrae, R.R., & Dye, D.A. (1991) Facet scales for agreeableness and conscientiousness: a revision of the NEO personality inventory. Personality and Individual Differences. 12, 887-898.

Ellis, A., & Knaus, W.J. (1997) Overcoming procrastination. N.Y., Signet Books.

Ferrari, J., & Emmons, R. (1994) Procrastination as revenge: do people report using delays as a strategy for vengeance. Psychological Science, Vol. 17, 4.

Ferrari, J.R., Johnson, J.L., & Mc Cown, W.G. (1995) Procrastination and task avoidance: theory, research and treatment. N.Y., Plenum Press.

Ferrari, J. (1992) Psychometric validation of two procrastination inventories for adults: Arousal and avoidance measures. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment. 14, 97-110.

Fiore, N. (2013) Legkiy sposob perestat' otkladyvat' dela na potom [The Now Habit: A Strategic Program for Overcoming Procrastination and Enjoying Guilt-Free Play]. Moscow, Mann, Ivanov and Ferber.
Haycock, L., McCarthy, P., & Skay, C. (1988) Procrastination in college students: The role of self-efficacy and anxiety. Journal of Counseling & Development. 76, 317-324.

Hesiod (2001) Teogoniya. Trudy i dni. Shchit Gerakla [Theogony. Works and Days. Shield of Heracles]. Moscow.

Hekhauzen H. (2001) Psikhologiya motivatsii dostizheniya [Psychology of motivation achievement]. St. Petersburg, Rech’.

Hill, M., Hill, D., Chabot, A., & Barrall, J. (1978) A survey of college faculty and student procrastination. College Student Personnel Journal. 12, 256-262.

Il’yin, E.P. (2011) Rabota i lichnost'. Trudogolizm, perfektsionizm, len' [The work and personality. Workaholism, perfectionism, laziness]. Moscow, Piter.

Ippolitov, E.A. (2013) Rabota i lichnost'. Trudogolizm, perfektsionizm, len'  [Features temporal perspective of students with high academic procrastination]. Molodoy uchenyy [Young scientist]. 11.

Kanfer, F.H., & Phillips, J. (1970) Learning Foundations of Behavior Therapy. Wiley.

Kovylin, V.S. (2013) Teoreticheskie osnovy izucheniya fenomena prokrastinatsii [Theoretical basis of studying the phenomenon of procrastination]. Lichnost' v menyayushhemsya mire: zdorov'e, adaptatsiya, razvitie [Person in a changing world: health, adaptation, development].  2.

Kornilov, T.V. (2013) Mel'burnskiy oprosnik prinyatiya resheniy: russkoyazychnaya adaptatsiya  [Melbourne questionnaire decision]. Psikhologicheskie issledovaniya [Russian-language adaptation of psychological research]. Vol. 6, 31, 4.

Kuhl, J. (1994а) A theory of action and state orientations. J. Kuhl & J. Beckmann (Eds.), Volition and personality: Action versus state orientation. Toronto, Hogrefe & Huber, 9-46.

Lay, C. (1986) At last, my research article on procrastination. Journal of Research in Personality. 20, 474-495.

Lay, C. (1992) Trait procrastination and the perception of person-task characteristics. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality. 7, 483-494.

Lay, C., & Schouwenburg, H. (1993) Trait procrastination, time management, and academic behavior. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality. 8, 647-662.

Lay, C., & Silverman, S. (1996) Trait procrastination, anxiety, and dilatory behavior. Personality and Individual Differences. 21, 61-67.

Mayers, A. (1946) Anxiety and the group. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 103, 130-136.

McCown, W., Petzel, T., & Rupert, P. (1987) Personality correlates and behaviors of chronic procrastinators. Personality and Individual Differences. 11, 71-79.

(Eds.) Meshcheryakov, B.G. & Zinchenko, V.P. (2003) Bol'shoy psikhologicheskiy slovar' [Big psychological dictionary]. Sankt-Peterburg, Praym.

Milgram, N.A., Batory, G., & Mowrer, D. (1993) Correlates of academic procrastination. J.of School Psychol. Vol. 31.

Morris, E., Surber, C., & Bijou, S. (1978) Self-versus instructor-pacing: Achievement, evaluations, and retention. Journal of Educational Psychology. 70, 224-230.

Nguyen, B., Steel, P., & Ferrari, J.R. (2013) Procrastination’s Impact in the Workplace and the Workplace’s Impact on Procrastination. International Journal of Selection and Assessment. Vol. 21, 4.

Posokhova, S.T. (2011) Len': psikhologicheskoe soderzhanie i proyavleniya [Sloth: psychological content and manifestations]. Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo universiteta [Bulletin of St. Petersburg University]. Episode 12: The Psychology. Sociology. Pedagogy. 2.

(Ed.) Prokhorov, O.A. (2004) Praktikum po psikhologii sostoyaniy: uchebnoe posobie [Practice file on the psychology of states: manual]. St. Petersburg, Rech’.

Pychyl, T.A. et al. (2000) Five days of emotion. J. of Soc. Behav. and Personality. Vol. 15, 5.

Rothblum, E., Solomon, L., & Murakami, J. (1986) Affective, cognitive, and behavioral differences between high and low procrastinators. Journal of Counseling Psychology. 33, 387-394.

Rubin, T.I. (1998) Compassion and Self-Hate: An Alternative to Despair Publisher: Touchstone; 1st Touchstone edition.

Senecal, C., Lavoie, K., & Koestner, R. (1997) Trait and situational factors in proctastination: An interactional model. J. of Soc. Behav. And Personality. Vol. 12, 4.

Shapkin, S.A. (1997) Eksperimental'noe izuchenie volevykh protsessov [Experimental study of volitional processes]. Moscow.

Solomon, L., & Rothblum, E. (1984) Academic procrastination: Freqency and cognitive-behavioral correlates. Journal of Counseling Psychology. 31 (4), 503-509.

Specter, M.H., & Ferrari, J.R. (2000) Time orientations of procrastinators: Focusing on the past, present, or future. J. of Soc. Behav. and Personality. Vol. 15, 5.

Syrtsova, A. (2008) Adaptatsiya oprosnika vremennoy perspektivy lichnosti F. Zimbardo [Adaptation of Zimbardo personality time perspective questionnaire]. Syrtsova, A., Sokolova, E.T., & Mitina, O.V. Psikhologicheskiy zhurnal [Psychological Journal]. Vol. 29, 3, 101-109.

Tashchilin, E.A. (2014) Issledovanie prokrastinatsii i perfektsionizma u studentov universiteta razlichnykh napravleniy podgotovki: dissertatsija magistra psikhologii [Research on procrastination and perfectionism in university students of various areas of training: Master's Thesis Psychology]. Yekaterinburg, Ural'skiy Federal'nyy Universitet im. B.N. El'tsina.

Tice, D., & Baumeister, R. (1997) Longitudinal study of procrastination, performance, stress, and health: The costs and benefits of dawdling. Psychological Science. 8, 454-458.

Varvaricheva, Ya.I. (2007) Psihologicheskie mehanizmy fenomena leni [Psychological mechanisms of the phenomenon of laziness]. Materialy dokladov XIV Mezhdunarodnoy konferentsii studentov, aspirantov i molodykh uchenyh «Lomonosov» [Proceedings of the 14th International Conference of Students and Young Scientists "Lomonosov"]. Moscow, Izdatel'skiy tsentr fakul'teta zhurnalistiki MGU im. M.V. Lomonosova.

Varvaricheva, Ya.I. (2010) Fenomen prokrastinatsii: problemy i perspektivy issledovaniya [The phenomenon of procrastination: problems and prospects of the research]. Voprosy psikhologii [Issues of psychology]. 3.

Waitley, D., & Witt, R. (1995) The Joy of Working: The 30-Day System to Success, Wealth, and Happiness on the Job.

Weiner, B. (1979) A theory of motivation for some classroom experiences. Journal of Educational Psychology.71, 3-25.

Wesley, J. (1994) Effects of ability, high school achievement, and procrastinatory behavior on college performance. Educational and Psychological Measurement. 54, 404-408.

Zimbardo, P.G., & Boyd, J.N. (1999) Putting time in perspective: A valid, reliable individual-differences metric. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77.