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Abstract
The relevance of the publication is due to the increasing manifestations of religious radicalization of the population and the threat of terrorism in the post-Soviet space and, in particular, in the Republic of Kazakhstan. One of the least developed problems is the study of psychological regularities of the emergence and development of the phenomenon of religiosity, the motives for its formation and levels of its manifestation in believers, including the formation of extreme religious views and values in an individual. The aim of the work was to describe theoretical and applied research questions on the problem of the formation of religious radicalism, extremism and terrorism in believers and followers of Islam, as well as on the methodological problems of developing psychodiagnostic tools and technologies of psychological intervention in this area.
Results. The characteristics and dynamics of indices of criminal situations with radical religious extremism and terrorism manifestation in the Republic of Kazakhstan is presented. The features of psychoprophylaxis of religious extremism relapse and rehabilitation of people convicted for such crimes were considered. Some examples of such work,organized in Kazakhstan with women and children who were in terrorist activity zones for a long time were described. The necessity of studying the personal features of believers, their level of religiosity, the motivation for extremist views and the radicalisation of the personality, as well as the main targets of psychodiagnostics in order to predict behaviour from the perspective of public safety and to prevent the spread of radical ideology and values in secular society, have been substantiated. Among the main conclusions presented is the understanding of the need to develop fundamentally new approaches in psychodiagnostics of radicalization, extremism and terrorism in order to prognostically diagnose, rehabilitate and resocialize believers who have extreme criminal experiences. is behavioral analysis by means of different techniques, facts and documents with the use of methods of observation and diagnostic interview of a believer seem to be the most productive methods.
Background. For our country, the growth and improvement of the efficiency of small business is one of the strategic directions. However, not only financial and infrastructural factors can stimulate business growth, but also socio-psychological ones. The study of relations within families of entrepreneurs can become another direction for the development of small business in our country.
Objective. The aim was to study the type of family system in terms of the parameters of adaptability and cohesion among entrepreneurs in the sphere of small family business.
Design. The study was carried out using the FACES-3 method by D. Olson. The sample consisted of 129 small family business owners. Hypotheses include the following: 1) families of entrepreneurs have a balanced structure; 2) over the years of marriage, the cohesion in business families decreases; 3) the more children there are in the family, the higher the unity of family is.
Results. The study of the family system types showed that 78.3% of families belong to the semi-functional type. On the scale of “Cohesion”, divided (46.5%) and united (51.9%) types dominate. On the scale of “Adaptation”, the chaotic type prevails (76%). Hypothesis 1 was not confirmed. However, we understand high randomness as a way to form continuity in a business family. Hypothesis 2 was confirmed: real family cohesion decreases with increasing age of the business owner (p = 0.01). Hypothesis 3 was confirmed: the more children there are in a business family, the higher the real family unity (p = 0.05) is. The cohesion of entrepreneurs in large families is a potential for the family’s reputation capital and the formation of financial stability in the future.
Conclusion. The article formulates recommendations for the harmonization of family relations, aimed at maintaining and developing intergenerational ties. The results of the study allow us to formulate a proposal to the Family Business Centers regarding special support for large business families. The revealed patterns will help improve the demographic situation in the country and will contribute to the development of small business.
Purpose and relevance of the article. The article is dedicated to the 90th anniversary of the birth of the founders of Russian ergonomics V.M. Munipov and V.P. Zinchenko, under whose guidance the author of the article studied and worked for a long time. The notions of “Human — Machine” system” and “human factor” are considered from the standpoint of the theory of acts of psychological interaction of people with the world developed by the author of the article. This made it possible to fill these notions with new psychological content, as well as briefl y describe the basic notions in the theory of acts.
Results. The interaction of the components of the world is considered as a kind of relationship between them, which includes their impact on each other and possibly on themselves. The ratio “А impacts on B” is identified with the ratio “A changes B in some direction”. Different directions in which the interacting components may change are related with the properties of these components that change in their values. The act of psychological interaction of a person with the components of the world is active on the part of this person, meaningful by him, mediated by the images of its components, is relatively complete and directed on achieving the results that someone needs, and also has a beginning on the timeline. Components of such an act include its objects and subjects, the activity of subjects, their meanings, properties and states, goals and motives, objects and means, tools and signs, conditions and ways (methods) of carrying out acts, processes and results, etc. The notions about these components are defined constructively (based on the previously introduced notions), as well as taking into account the functions of components in the activity of the subject. Different relations between the components of the act, which turn it into a psychological functional system are described.
Conclusions. It is shown that such a theoretical model of a psychological act can serve as a conceptual tool for the study and ergonomic design of any work acts of operators in “Human — Machine” systems.
Background. With the growing role of economic environment in the socialization of a modern person, there is an increasing interest in understanding the socio-psychological mechanisms of human behavior when choosing goods. Economic realms are refl ected in the self-identification of the individual in relation to other people and social structures. The study of the relationship between social identity and the features of consumer behavior when choosing goods is relevant. At the same time, various aspects of social identity in connection with the peculiarities of consumer preferences remain poorly studied in social psychology
Objective. Background. With the growing role of economic environment in the socialization of a modern person, there is an increasing interest in understanding the socio-psychological mechanisms of human behavior when choosing goods. Economic realms are refl ected in the self-identification of the individual in relation to other people and social structures. The study of the relationship between social identity and the features of consumer behavior when choosing goods is relevant. At the same time, various aspects of social identity in connection with the peculiarities of consumer preferences remain poorly studied in social psychology
Design.The study was conducted online by presenting respondents with a questionnaire that included questions about consumer preferences and components of social identity. The sample was targeted by experts: consumers of food products of local production, citizens of the Russian Federation, aged 25 to 67 years (N = 200).
Results. The interrelation of cognitive and value components of social identity with the peculiarities of consumer preferences concerning general attitude to products, their characteristics and selection criteria is revealed. More significant connections were found between value components and all manifestations of consumer preferences. The interrelation between local and world identity and preference for food products of domestic production, as well as the features of the criteria for choosing food products among consumers with diff erent severity of the cognitive component of social identity, has been revealed.
Conclusion. New data on the relationship between cognitive and value components of social identity and the characteristics of consumer preferences were obtained. They can serve as a basis for a deeper analysis of the identity structure, understanding the role of identity in consumer behavior. The main limitations of the study relate to the sample and the methods used.pandemic.
Relevance. With the rise of the Internet and the development of information and communication technologies (ICTs), the available ways of interpersonal communication have changed and expanded. From spring 2020 to the present, the epidemiological situation remains unstable due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Quarantine measures have led to a sharp reduction in face-to-face social contacts or to their complete absence. As a result, for most of the developed countries, computer-mediated communication has become the prior way to keep in touch with family, friends, colleagues, etc. These unprecedented circumstances bring our research to the fore, showing how ICTs can help maintain the social capital of Russians at the individual level.
Objective To determine how effective the use of ICTs is in maintaining of the social capital of Russians at the individual level during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Design.The study was conducted online by presenting the participants with a questionnaire. The study sample consisted of 300 respondents aged 18 to 71. All respondents are citizens of the Russian Federation. They answered questions, which determined the perceived COVID-19 threat level, the level of use of ICTs, and the degree of change in relationships with “strong” and “weak ties”.
Results. The direct relationship between the perceived coronavirus threat and individual social capital can be traced only in relationships with friends and residents of the country. There is no statistically significant relationship with family, colleagues, neighbors, and city residents. In the case of a high level of ICT use, the perceived coronavirus threat does not negatively correlate with the perceived closeness with family, friends, and residents of the country. At the same time, the role of ICT use in the relationship between the perceived coronavirus threat and perceived closeness with colleagues, neighbors and city residents has not been identified.
Conclusion. In general, the use of ICTs contributes to the maintenance of the social capital at the individual level during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Background. In modern psychology, the concept of social and psychological assistance to vulnerable groups of people is being actively studied and developed in order to increase their psychological well-being. One of the topical research issues is the study of psychological well-being in men and women, as well as people of diff erent sexual orientations. Th is article examines the psychological well-being of people with homo-, bi- and heterosexual orientations.
The aim of the article is to study the diff erences in psychological well-being between men and women, as well as between people identifying themselves as homosexual, bisexual, and heterosexual.
Description of research progress and respondents. To study the psychological sex, we used the techique “Psychological well-being” by K. Riff in the adaptation of T.D. Shevelenkova and P.P. Fesenko. Th e study involved men and women of diff erent sexual orientations, identifi ed on the basis of the respondents’ self-report.
Research results. Statistical results indicate that the scale “Positive relationships with others” is higher in women than in men (p = 0.027), and this scale is higher in heterosexuals than in bisexuals (p = 0.031). Th e “Balance of aff ect” scale is lower among homosexuals than among bisexuals (p = 0.047).
Conclusion. Th e obtained results confi rm that the women who took part in our study are more successful in building up interpersonal relationships with the social world, since they are positively disposed towards society and show care. At the same time, people with heterosexual and homosexual identities are more prosperous than respondents with bisexual identities. Th e results obtained can be used in the practice of psychologists conducting psychological counseling and psychotherapy with the LGBT community.
Background. Russia ranks fourth in the World in terms of the influx of migrants (of which 12 million currently live within the country). At the same time, the factors accompanying the process of acculturation can be quite different and lead to contradictions and conflicts between the groups. As far as migrants are concerned, the study of mediative role of the perceived threat in formation of acculturation expectation sremains an under researched topic in cross-cultural psychology.
Objective. The study is aimed at determining whether the perceived threat from migrants has a mediating effect on the relationship between social capital and the acculturation expectations of the host population towards migrants.
Design. The study was carried out in an online format by a questionnaire given to young adults living in Moscow (N = 214). The participants answered the questions that determined the level of trust, ethnic tolerance, perceived threat, and acculturation expectations.
Results. The results of the study revealed that the perceived threat (especially the cultural one) turned out to be a mediator of the connection between ethnic tolerance and acculturation expectations of “melting pot” and “exclusion”. In case of connection of the indicators of trust and ethnic tolerance with “segregation”, only the perceived physical threat played a mediating role. The role of ethnic tolerance has been confirmed in the above three acculturation expectations, while trust turned out to be significant only in the “segregated” models. The meditative role of the perceived threat in the relationship between the three indicators of social capital and the acculturation expectation of “multiculturalism” has been completely refuted.
Conclusion. The results of the research make it possible to determine the role of the perceived threat in acculturation attitudes and expectations towards migrants. The main limitation of this study is the fact that it took place only in Moscow. In the nearest future, it is planned to compare the results obtained in Russia from Russian-speaking test-groups with the results of other groups in other countries.
Background. The article reveals the prospects for a psychological research of the perception and experience of the Covid-19 epidemic and pandemic as a situation of deprivation and frustration of personal life space. The constitutive characteristics of living space — interactivity, heterogeneity, blurring the boundaries between private and public — makes it vulnerable (precarious) to radical social transformations, of which the epidemic and pandemic of the coronavirus has become the extreme expression.
Objective. The purpose of the theoretical and empirical study is to analyze the subjective attitude towards the pandemic and vaccination.
Design. The study was carried out in a qualitative design using the methods of semi-structured in-depth interviews and thematic analysis, a projective technique of directed verbal associations. The purposive sample of the study consisted of 50 people (25 men and 25 women, 18–70 years old). The interviews were conducted in winter, 2020–2021, during the “second wave” of the coronavirus and in spring, 2021 after the loosening of restrictive measures.
Results. A qualitative analysis of in-depth interviews made it possible to highlight the following topics:
Conclusion. Disorientation in the situation of uncertainty and transitivity provoked by the coronavirus pandemic actualizes the archaic mechanisms of socio-psychological defense, which can be considered confirmation of the theoretical hypothesis of irrationality as an integral property of human consciousness and modern society.
Background. Intercultural marriages are micro-level models of intercultural relations and can help to understand the changing society of the globalization era.
The objective. Revealing attitudes towards entry into intercultural marriage and factors influencing the choice of a foreign cultural marriage partner among Russians and Buryats in the Republic of Buryatia.
Design. The study was conducted in 2020 in the Republic of Buryatia using a socio-psychological survey on online platform. The convenience sample was used (the “snowball” method). The sample included representatives of 2 groups: Russians (N = 111) and Buryats (N = 102).
Results. The analysis showed that the attitude towards entry into intercultural marriage in these groups is above average, while no significant differences were found between the groups. The negative attitude towards intercultural marriages among Buryats to a greater extent than among Russians was determined by factors reflecting the acceptance of intercultural marriages by relatives, loved ones and society in general, which was more significant for the Buryats. Among the Russians, more than among the Buryats, negative attitudes were interconnected with factors reflecting personal characteristics of the future spouse (values, norms of behavior) and interpersonal communication. For both the Russians and the Buryats, negative attitude towards entering into intercultural marriages is associated with the importance of proximity of cooking traditions, naming, raising children and their identity, as well as religious beliefs.
Conclusion. The general favorable “Zeitgeist” in Buryatia towards intercultural marriages contributes to the tolerant attitude towards the creation of such married couples among both the Russians and the Buryats.
Background. The phenomenon of “happiness” is characterized by semantic indeterminacy and is mainly considered from the correlative viewpoint. The present study proceeds from the idea of relevance and potential of multimodal approach to the analysis of multilevel socio-psychological phenomena. With this perspective in mind, social representationsof happiness were researched with the use of visual analysis of photographs as one of the qualitative methodology tools. The second method of collecting empirical material consisted in semi-structured interviews.
Objective. The aim of the study was to describe social representationsof happiness. The procedure was as follows: the sample consisted of two groups of students from 21 to 24 years old. The groups were coordinated as to their composition and socio-economic status. At the first stage of the study test subjects were asked to make a photo report consisting of five to seven photos on the topic “happiness” within a month. The data were analyzed in the light of comprehensive strategy for interpreting visual data, including hermeneutical, semiotic, structural, and discursive analyses. The scheme of photo processing and examples of empirical material are presented below. At the second stage semi-structured interviews were conducted with another group of test subjects and subsequently analyzed in the framework of thematic approach. The data obtained by different research methods were compared and subject to analysis with respect to the potential and limitations of verbal and visual methodological approaches.
Results. The study revealed the core and periphery of social representationsof happiness, and the corresponding structure and content were presented graphically. The results obtained by qualitative analysis of the photo material reflected those factors in the content of social representationsof happiness that were considered insignificant in quantitative studies. The emotional variability of the concept under study was revealed due to its visual presentation.
Conclusion. The study design presented in the paper implies both the analysis of visual data and the interview method. It has proved effective for studying complex socio-psychological phenomena. Further research could be conducted in several directions: content analysis of the phenomenon under study for other age groups; variation of study design by using other verbal methods or approaches to discourse analysis; modifying the visual data interpretation strategy for studying other multimodal phenomena.
Background. In the present situation, which certain studies describe as a crisis in the system of research staff training and which is characterized by low number of postgraduate students filling up the staff of scientific institutions, it is extremely important to study the specifics of motivation and value sphere of postgraduate students’ personality.
Objective. Analysis of the socio-psychological characteristics that postgraduate students' values have.
Design. The study is based on a monitoring questionnaire survey of graduate students conducted in 2019 by employees of the RAO Information and the analytical center. The empirical data were processed using methods of mathematical statistics (statistical software packages SPSS and StatSoft Statistica).
The study involved students of postgraduate research bodies that train postgraduate students in the field of education sciences, as well as postgraduates of pedagogical universities situated in Moscow, St. Petersburg and in other regions of the Russian Federation. A total of 803 respondents were interviewed.
The study was aimed at assessing the hierarchy of life values in graduate students and the influence of socio-demographic factors, social stratification, and socio-psychological factors on the relevance of postgraduate students’ life values.
Results. The results of the study indicate that the leading positions in the structure of postgraduate students’ life values are occupied by basic values (“family”, “good health” and “material well-being”) and by the most relevant values associated with self-actualization. It is shown that the value orientations of postgraduate students are determined by the influence of a number of socio-demographic factors (gender, age, presence and composition of the family), social stratification (financial status, educational status of parents) and socio-psychological factors (having or not clear-cut future plans, emotional assessment of one’s prospects, having or not emigration plans) factors. The comparison of the opinions of postgraduates and research staff showed that postgraduates are more focused on values related to self-actualization, as well as on traditionalist values.
Conclusions. The core of postgraduate students’ life values structure if formed by the basic values and, in addition, the values related to self-actualization of individual. The value orientations of postgraduate students are determined by a number of socio-demographic factors, social stratification and socio-psychological factors. It was found out that at a certain age the structure of life values in postgraduate students changes significantly, in accordance with the aims of age development. It is shown that changes in graduate students’ family status make them reconsider the structure of life values. It is also noted that the restructuring of life values in graduate students, when if it proceeds in accordance with the values of natives in “Western” countries, contributes to the formation of emigration attitudes.
Background. The study of the psychological characteristics of social fears during the first wave of COVID-19 indicated that Russian citizens were massively in a state of fear. The persisting threat of a pandemic throughout the year, the inconsistency of managerial decisions in the absence of a coherent strategy to combat COVID-19, obviously create growing social tension in Russia, which is projected onto the psychological level of the state of modern society.
Objective. To identify the dynamics of social fears among Russian citizens during the first and second waves of COVID-19. Hypothesis: there is a tendency for the growth of social fears among Russian citizens during the second wave of COVID-19, while the media continues to form a depressive and depressing “picture of the world”.
Design. Psychodiagnostics was carried out remotely using Google forms. Sample size: 497 people. At the first stage (the first wave —March / April, 2020), 253 people were tested. At the second stage (second wave —October / November, 2020), 244 people passed testing, of which 150 took part in the periods of both the first and second waves, and 94 —only during the second wave. At the third stage, statistical analysis was carried out in order to identify the dynamics of social fears.
Results. From the moment COVID-19 began to the peak of the second wave, Russian citizens showed negative dynamics, characterized by: 1) an increase in the experience of social fears associated with failure and defeat, as well as rejection and suppression; 2) an increase in the imbalance of trust caused by the growth of trust in the world and others, as trustworthy sources of information about the current danger, against the background of a steadily reduced trust in oneself; 3) a decrease in optimism and faith in the future with an increase in the intensity of emotional stress, as well as a desire to delegate responsibility for the events of one's own life; 4) a general decrease in efficiency (based on the results of self-report).
Conclusion. The information broadcast by the media about COVID-19 has a systemic psychological impact through the demonstration of a pessimistic “picture of the world”, which, creating an aggressive information field literally enveloping the psyche, destroys its self-confidence, social ties and group cohesion, and also fills it social fears, increasing the sense of social deprivation. The intended consequences will send the psychological community to develop a predictive model for overcoming this situation. In our opinion, the main thing in the work with the consequences of the pandemic is psychological assistance, the basis of which should be the methods of correction of the cognitive-affective sphere of the individual —the return of self-confidence and the transformation of the “picture of the world” of the present and future into a positive one. Particular attention should be paid to increasing collective cohesion and setting group goals that outline the future positive “picture of the world” of Russian society.
Background. Successful management of the tasks that have to do with ensuring people’s security in all situational contexts is dependent on how people deal with dangers. One of the most important aspects here is one’s susceptibility, or sensitivity, to dangers.
Objective. A review of the existing research; summing up and highlighting the most relevant scientific publications in the field of danger sensitivity in the last 25-30 years.
Design. The theoretical model used to assess danger sensitivity was the system-dynamic one that views security as activity (Zinchenko, 2011), while danger sensitivity is viewed as mediating factor of the influence that external causes produce on the inner state of a person (Kharlamenkova, 2013). The factor in question is determined by the experience of finding discrepancy between the expectations and the actual circumstances (Jonas, 2014). This approach guided the choice and analysis of literature on the problem of danger sensitivity.
Results. The research was reviewed and grouped in accordance with the following aspects: 1) danger sensitivity as ability to detect signals of danger; 2) danger sensitivity and vigilance; 3) danger sensitivity and types of response in dangerous situations; 4) correlation between danger sensitivity, external and internal factors.
Conclusion. The study reviewed the discussion topics having to do with the role and meaning of danger sensitivity in the context of people’s perception of danger and of the possibility to form such a perception. The conclusion made within the present study regards the importance and actuality of further research in the field of danger sensitivity as something relevant to solving the psychological problems of providing security.
Background. The change in the paradigm of information-psychological confrontation caused changes in the content and architectonics of information-psychological impact, and determined the new trends in the forms of their practical use.
Identifying the features of information and psychological impact in the context of strategic communications will make it possible to ensure the information and psychological security of person and society in a more targeted way.
Objective. To identify the types, features and trends in the application of information-psychological impact in the context of the strategic communications paradigm.
Results. The study reveals the essence of strategic communications as a paradigm of information-psychological confrontation. It analyzes architectonics and content of the main types of information and psychological impact. The study also discusses the main trends in the development of methods and forms of information and psychological impact.
Conclusions. The context of strategic communications extends the understanding of information and psychological impacts. It is advisable to consider it as a deliberate dissemination (promotion, blocking and/or selection) of information, interaction and movement between participants in the communication process.
Strategic communications use impact methods related to “hard power” meta-strategies based on coercion and “soft power” using attraction technologies. The implementation of these meta-strategies is accompanied by trends reflecting the transition from influence on the military enemy to impact on civilians; from “hard” to “soft” methods of exposure; from monological forms (dissemination of information, influence) to dialogical forms (communication); from an open invasion of consciousness and human behavior to more hidden forms of influence; from tactical forms designed for immediate effect to strategic forms aimed at a distant outcome; from monotype forms of influence to diverse, difficult, complex ones.
To ensure the information-psychological security of the person and society, knowledge and consideration of the peculiarities of information and psychological impact are necessary within the framework of the current paradigm of information-psychological confrontation.
Background. At present, self-objectification of females is a very common phenomenon, reflecting the desire of women to meet the standards accepted in the society and manifested in excessive (even pathological) care of achieving the “ideal” appearance. This phenomenon was under study in various foreign psychological concepts and approaches, and especially in the theory of B. Fredrickson and T.E. Roberts. However, despite similar research in Russian psychology, the phenomenon has not been disclosed within Russian psychological methodology. In this regard, it is very important to analyze foreign publications for the subsequent development of an integrative approach to the study of self-objectification in females in the context of Russian psychology. Looking into this phenomenon from the standpoint of Russian psychological methodology would be useful for developing methods of assessment, intervention, and psychotherapeutic assistance for Russian girls and women experiencing psychological problems due to negative self-objectification.
The Objective is to conduct a theoretical analysis of the phenomenon of women's self-objectification in line with the national cultural-historical and activity methodology.
Design.The paper provides a review of the publications on self-objectification in females which is analytical in its nature. In the paper, the basic approaches to the study of the phenomenon of self-objectification in females in foreign psychology are determined, and also the ways to understand the phenomenon in the context of the Russian psychological tradition proposed in the works of L.S. Vygotsky, A.N. Leontiev, S.L. Rubinstein developed by their students and the followers are shown.
Results. The phenomenon of self-objectification in females is considered within the context of fundamental issues of psychology – the relationship of ‘outer’ and ‘inner’ contents, and particularly, within the framework of the subject-activity approach of S.L. Rubinstein and the activity theory of A.N. Leontiev. The role of the “social situation of the development” (L.S. Vygotsky) in the development self-objectification in females is shown. The mechanism of interiorization as a female’s adoption of the social ideas and attitudes is described. The process of interiorization is considered through three facets: individualization, intimization, and production of consciousness. The phenomenon of self-objectification was interpreted through the lenses of L.S. Vygotsky ideas about the intertwining of two domains of mental development in ontogenesis, i.e. the biological maturation of a person and the processes of mastering culture, and also within the notions of cultural-historical defectology.
Conclusion. The research results contribute to expanding the scientific theoretical views of psychologists working within the national methodology to shape the phenomenon of self-objectification in females, which could facilitate further understanding of this theoretical construct and increase the number of empirical works in the research area. Female self-objectification through the prism of the Russian research methodology will contribute to the methodological status of this issue, enriching the idea of female self-objectification primarily at the philosophical (worldview) level and at the general scientific level of methodology (E.G. Yudin). All these will increase the interpretative capabilities of the concept. The materials of the paper can contribute to developing an integrative approach for understanding female self-objectification. The findings can be sufficient for creating methods of psychodiagnostics and psychotherapy for girls and women experiencing psychological problems due to the negative impact of self-objectification.
Background. Patriotic education is carried out in many countries, being an integral part of the process of socialization of the younger generation. At the same time, patriotism is often used by autocracies to maintain power and total state control over all aspects of public and private life. What is the socio-psychological aspect of this possible transformation?
Objective. The aim of the study was to test the model of the relationship between patriotism, nationalism, right-wing authoritarianism and political totalitarianism, as well as to examine the role of collective narcissism in these relationships. We hypothesized that patriotism is not directly related to totalitarianism, this connection is mediated by nationalism and right-wing authoritarianism, while patriotism and nationalism are connected only under the condition of a high level of collective narcissism (i.e., collective narcissism demonstrates the effect of moderation).
Design. The study of the role of collective narcissism in the relationship between patriotism, nationalism, right-wing authoritarianism and political totalitarianism was carried out in 2018 on a gender-balanced sample of residents of Russia (N –232) aged 16 to 61 (M –28.5; SD –10.2). Reliable and valid tools were used for measurements: cultural patriotism and nationalism (Grigoryan 2013; Grigoryan, Lepshokova, 2012), collective narcissism (Golec de Zavala et al., 2009), right-wing authoritarianism (Bizumic, Duckitt, 2018). A cross-sectional single-sample correlation design was applied using data from a socio-psychological survey. The data was collected in 2018 through an online survey conducted by an independent commercial research company as a result of a survey of their own panel of respondents.
The survey was conducted using various Likert scales. All scales that had not previously been translated into Russian were adapted by double translation and cognitive interviews using the “think-aloud” technique (Batkhina, Grigoryev, 2019).
Results. The hypotheses that were put forward were confirmed. It was found that (1) patriotism is not directly related to totalitarianism: nationalism and authoritarianism mediated the relationship between patriotism and totalitarianism, and nationalism mediated the relationship between patriotism and authoritarianism; (2) patriotism is positively associated with nationalism only if the level of collective narcissism is high; (3) nationalism is positively associated with authoritarianism and totalitarianism, and authoritarianism with totalitarianism.
Conclusions. Collective narcissism may reflect the process of compensating for low self-esteem and lack of control over their lives in people, and generate belief in an exalted image of the in-group and its right to special recognition. Subsequently, this helps to use patriotism as a basis for supporting political totalitarianism. Nationalism and authoritarianism can carry an instrumental function in this process acting as certain strategies for the implementation of the motivational orientation set by collective narcissism.
Background. Portraying a typical Russian corrupt official is important as a preventive measure to apply within the system of human resources on civil service.
Objective. The study is aimed at creating a psychological portrait of civil servants working in the environments where corruption is possible in order to reveal their attitude to corruption and to the means used to eliminate it.
Design. 100 municipalcivil servants from the city of Kostroma took part in an anonymized survey with a standardized questionnaire. The survey encompassed civil servants of all levels: heads of departments and their deputies (top level), department managers and their deputies (mid level), minor officials.
Results. Analyzingtheresults obtained within the survey one can conclude that for top-level civil servants the most important advantages of municipal civil service are the ability to help people and society in solving their problems, as well as substantial pension and good psychological climate. For mid-level managing positions the main advantages are psychological climate, that comes first, and, subsequently, the ability to help people. Minor officials’ scale of values prioritizes material gain over everything else. Instead of understanding corruption in the broad sense, as abuse of authority, the way the concept of corruption is represented in the law, civil servants view it more narrowly – as bribery. Themostcommonexcusesforbribery, according to the civil servants questioned, include protection and the bosses being interested in “extra” profit as well as the situation of mutual bribing and financial problems caused by low salary. The barriers for bribery, in civil servants’ opinion, are moral norms and the fear to be punished or fired.
Conclusions. The analysis of literature on the subject, as well as the empirical study conducted, allows to single out the most characteristic features that a corrupt civil servant has. Corrupt civil servants are highly extravert, they are very eager to please people, and have a variety of addictions. The values of power and dominance contribute to making corruption acceptable, while the primary role of care and universalism lower its level.
Background. The characteristics and predictors of proactive coping still remain insufficiently studied topics in psychology. At the same time, the study of a person’s perception and assessment of possible future-related difficulties becomes more and more relevant in the context of accelerating social changes.
The objective of the research is to identify culturally specific and culturally universal patterns in the choice of proactive coping strategies, depending on the interaction of personal and situational determinants.
Design. The research was conducted in the form of an online survey involving students from Moscow (N = 311) and from Tashkent (N = 272) as respondents. Participants in the study consistently completed questionnaires to assess the preferences of various strategies of proactive coping, the level of general self-efficacy, the degree of tolerance to uncertainty, and the current experience of positive / negative affect.
Results. In the course of the study it was revealed that the previously adapted Russian-language version of the methodology of proactive coping strategies by E. Greenglass has cultural invariance. Comparison of respondents from Russia and Uzbekistan in terms of the severity of proactive coping strategies showed that Moscow respondents prefer strategies of seeking information and emotional support to a greater extent than Tashkent ones. Testing the model of interaction of situational and personal variables showed that it is the interaction of emotional state and self-efficacy that determines the preference for strategies of proactive, reflexive, preventive coping and strategic planning strategies both in Russia and in Uzbekistan. The interaction of tolerance to uncertainty with emotional state positively predicts only the preference for a proactive coping strategy in both samples and negatively predicts the choice of a strategic planning strategy among respondents from Uzbekistan.
Conclusion. The obtained results demonstrated more cultural versatility than cultural specificity in favoring different strategies for proactive coping. Two directions of further research are possible: conducting a meaningful analysis of the image of difficult situations from the point of view of both cultural specificity and cross-cultural invariance. The second direction is expanding the spectrum of the studied determinants of proactive coping, including possible social values and personal value orientations.
Background. The COVID-19 virus has created a global situation of unpredictability, uncertainty and crisis. Each person lived through the period of self-isolation in different ways. Hardiness, as well as belonging to a particular country plays an important role as a personal resource in this adaptation.
The objective of the study was a comparative analysis of the severity of hardiness in young people in a situation of self-isolation during the spread of coronavirus in Russia and Israel. We assumed as a hypothesis that the level of hardiness in Russia and Israel would be comparable, due to the approximately equal number of factors (in all their variety) of instability, especially in a situation of an additional distress factor – the COVID-19 pandemic.
Design. The research was carried out through Internet resources. The sample consisted of 40 people: 20 from Russia (8 men and 12 women) and 20 from Israel (10 men and 10 women). The age of the subjects ranged from 25 to 40 years (the average age of Russians is 29.1, the average age of Israelis is 31.8). Psycho-diagnostics of hardiness was carried out using S.Maddi’s Hardiness Test (translation and adaptation by D.A. Leontiev, E.I. Rasskazova).
Results. It was revealed that the general level of hardiness and its three separate components (“involvement”, “control”, “risk taking”) is slightly higher among young people in Israel than among citizens of Russia. Statistically significant differences (Uemp = 64 (Ucr = 114 at p ≤ 0.01; 138 at p ≤ 0.05) were found only in terms of “risk taking”.
Conclusions. The hypothesis that there are significant differences in the level of hardiness among young people living in Russia and Israel during the period of selfisolation was partially confirmed. The components of “involvement”, “control” and the general level of hardiness are just slightly higher in residents of Israel than those of Russia, but the component of “risk taking” is significantly higher in residents of Israel.
The paper was written to commemorate the 70th anniversary of the outstanding Russian psychologist Tatyana Gavrilovna Stefanenko. The paper describes the life and professional career of the scientist, shows the origins of her professional specialization. The merits of Tatyana Gavrilovna in the field of social psychology, ethnopsychology and psychology of culture are highlighted. The circle of issues she succeeded in are laid special emphasis on.
The author narrates about the research and teaching activities of Tatyana G. Stefanenko, introduces her published scientific works. The participation of Tatyana G. Stefanenko in the international research projects is shown. Her outstanding merits as the author of textbooks and manuals on ethnopsychology basic in many educational institutions of Russia, and also as the organizer of scientific conferences and round tables are placed value on.
It is emphasized that Tatyana G. Stefanenko was an active and creative person, an attentive teacher, a talented scientist, a friendly and responsible person, and an erudite.
Received: 12/16/2019
Accepted: 12/20/2019
Pages: 28-34
DOI: 10.11621/npj.2019.0403
Keywords: ethnic psychology;
social psychology;
psychology of culture;
outstanding Russian psychologists;
T.G. Stefanenko;
Available Online: 12/31/2019