The paper presents a view on the issue of studying the driving forces of personality from the perspective of existential analysis. The student of V. Frankl A. Lange developed the concept of the will to meaning (Frankl’s monomotivational theory), highlighting four aspects existential relationship of personality, four fundamental motivations. Existential philosophers and followed by psychologists, while psychotherapists define these motivation as the main themes of human life, and their implementation is a condition for living true, deep life - existence. Langle allocates four aspects of existence: relationship with the realities of existence, i.e. the world, relations with dynamic, vital side of existence, i.e. life, relationship with ourselves and relations with the future. These aspects are defined as 1, 2, 3 and 4 existential fundamental motivations (FM). The article in the first part contains a description of the content of the four fundamental motivations A. Lange, and in the second - the results of own researches of the author that is dedicated to the approbation on the Russian sample test that measures the subjective experience of the integral quality of life as the sum of its constituent these four aspects.
Questionnaire «Test existential motivations» (TEM) (A. Lange, P. Eckhard) is developed in the framework of existential analysis as psycho-diagnostic instrument to provide psychological and consultative assistance, but it also can be used for research purposes for the study of subjective attitude to existential important aspects of being. According to the developers, «TEM» is addressed to space of human feelings and able to assess the completeness of his living each of the four fundamental motivations. The first FM embodies the intention to be in this world and (is committed) seeks to the acceptance of reality. Second FM is looking for opportunities to build relationships and living values.
Third FM is aimed at implementation of respectful treatment of ourselves and others, meeting and living ourselves as having value. Fourth FM is searching for the meaning of the situation, ways to make ourselves with all our capabilities in the world. The study of the fundamental motivations allows not only to closer to life-world of the person, to enter the space of his experience, but also meets the targets of psychotherapeutic practice.
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Keywords: existential analysis; existence; fundamental motivations; fulfillment; «Test existential motivations»;
Available Online 31.12.2015
Table 1 Simultaneous reliability of TEM in the research of different years
|
|
Research 2009 a Cronbach N = 200 |
Research 2011 a CronbachN=203 |
Research 2013-2014 a Cronbach N=199 |
|
Fundamental Trust |
0,884 |
0,855 |
0,827 |
|
Fundamental Value |
0,891 |
0,884 |
0,780 |
|
Self-Worth |
0,832 |
0,800 |
0,796 |
|
Meaning of Life |
0,813 |
0,873 |
0,829 |
Table 2 Simultaneous reliability of TEM in Russian and Austrian samples in the research of different years
|
|
Number of Questions |
а Cronbach |
Sample |
|
Simultaneous reliability of TEM in Austrian sample (Eckhart, 2001) |
56 |
0,97 |
1050 |
|
Simultaneous reliability of TEM in Russian sample, research of 2009 (Koryakina, 2010, p. 142) |
56 |
0,954 |
200 |
|
Simultaneous reliability of TEM in Russian sample, research of 2011 |
56 |
0,956 |
203 |
|
Simultaneous reliability of TEM in Russian sample, research of 2013-2014 |
56 |
0,938 |
199 |
Table 3 Correlation test scales between themselves and with the total index of TEM (p <0,01).
|
|
Fundamental Trust |
Fundamental Value |
Self-Worth |
Meaning of Life |
|
Fundamental Trust |
1,00 |
|
|
|
|
Fundamental Value |
0,673 |
1,00 |
|
|
|
Self-Worth |
0,800 |
0,646 |
1,00 |
|
|
Meaning of Life |
0, 726 |
0,648 |
0,749 |
1,00 |
|
ТЕМ Total Index |
0,917 |
0,804 |
0,909 |
0,886 |
Test of existential motivations (TEM) (Alfried Langle, Warren Eckhard)
Name Surname Patronimic (Nickname) _________________________________________Date _____________Age _________Sex _____
Education ______________ Marital Status _______________ Sphere of Work _______________________
Take a position with respect to the following statements. Answer spontaneously, and do not leave any statement unanswered. Rate on 6-step scale, corresponds partially corresponds does not correspond
corresponds o--o---o--o--o-- o does not correspond
basically corresponds does not partially correspond
Please indicate if you are concerned with the following statements, regardless of the short-term hesitations How much am I concerned?
|
1) |
found my place in this life. |
corresponds o---o---o---o--o-- o does not correspond |
|
2) |
easily admit those circumstances that are typical for me. |
corresponds o---o---o---o--o-- o does not correspond |
|
3) |
can always arrange my living space |
corresponds o---o---o---o--o-- o does not correspond |
|
4) |
seldom feel I can live. |
corresponds o---o---o---o--o-- o does not correspond |
|
5) |
On the average I am quite satisfied with myself. |
corresponds o---o---o---o--o-- o does not correspond |
|
6) |
feel enough power to cope with what life offers |
corresponds o---o---o---o--o-- o does not correspond |
|
7) |
often feel ashamed. |
corresponds o---o---o---o--o-- o does not correspond |
|
8) |
cannot respect myself. |
corresponds o---o---o---o--o-- o does not correspond |
|
9) |
n principle, I am satisfied with what I have. |
corresponds o---o---o---o--o-- o does not correspond |
|
10) |
In reality I have got nothing to rely on. |
corresponds o---o---o---o--o-- o does not correspond |
|
11 |
Whatever I do I try to keep true to myself. |
corresponds o---o---o---o--o-- o does not correspond |
|
12 |
I feel good in my body. |
corresponds o---o---o---o--o-- o does not correspond |
|
13) |
I often have a feeling as if I am losing firm ground. |
corresponds o---o---o---o--o-- o does not correspond |
|
14) |
I often feel lonely. |
corresponds o---o---o---o--o-- o does not correspond |
|
15) |
I often feel discontent. |
corresponds o---o---o---o--o-- o does not correspond |
|
16) |
For me it would be better to disappear from the face of the earth. |
corresponds o---o---o---o--o-- o does not correspond |
|
17) |
I can well withstand the critical eye of other. |
corresponds o---o---o---o--o-- o does not correspond |
|
18) |
I feel sad that my life is so little cause for joy. |
corresponds o---o---o---o--o-- o does not correspond |
|
19) |
In reality I am interested in nothing. |
corresponds o---o---o---o--o-- o does not correspond |
|
20) |
I am a sad person. |
corresponds o---o---o---o--o-- o does not correspond |
|
21) |
Most things I had to do I did unwillingly. |
corresponds o---o---o---o--o-- o does not correspond |
|
22) |
I have got a feeling I do not have enough living space. |
corresponds o---o---o---o--o-- o does not correspond |
|
23) |
In my life, I have got a lot of joyful experience. |
corresponds o---o---o---o--o-- o does not correspond |
|
24) |
I feel unconfident more often. |
corresponds o---o---o---o--o-- o does not correspond |
|
25) |
I can hardly admit my personality. |
corresponds o---o---o---o--o-- o does not correspond |
|
26) |
I have got a good understanding of my feelings and myself. |
corresponds o---o---o---o--o-- o does not correspond |
|
27) |
My life is meaningless and shallow. |
corresponds o---o---o---o--o-- o does not correspond |
|
28) |
I often notice people like me. |
corresponds o---o---o---o--o-- o does not correspond |
|
29) |
I appreciate myself for the fact that I can handle something and do it. |
corresponds o---o---o---o--o-- o does not correspond |
|
30) |
Life is a heavy burden. |
corresponds o---o---o---o--o-- o does not correspond |
|
31) |
Very deep in my heart I do not enjoy living. |
corresponds o---o---o---o--o-- o does not correspond |
|
32) |
I am very well aware of the feeling of fear and disconfidence. |
corresponds o---o---o---o--o-- o does not correspond |
|
33) |
Sometimes I have got a feeling life is dominating me. |
corresponds o---o---o---o--o-- o does not correspond |
|
34) |
I do what I like. |
corresponds o---o---o---o--o-- o does not correspond |
|
35) |
I respect myself. |
corresponds o---o---o---o--o-- o does not correspond |
|
36) |
As a rule people respect my wishes and decisions. |
corresponds o---o---o---o--o-- o does not correspond |
|
37) |
Because of fear of failure I generally abstain from doing what I have to. |
corresponds o---o---o---o--o-- o does not correspond |
|
38) |
I have a feeling that others are more right than I. |
corresponds o---o---o---o--o-- o does not correspond |
|
39) |
I am convinced that it is good that I live. |
corresponds o---o---o---o--o-- o does not correspond |
|
40) |
Much of what I was doing was made vain. |
corresponds o---o---o---o--o-- o does not correspond |
|
41) |
I feel support in my life. |
corresponds o---o---o---o--o-- o does not correspond |
|
42) |
I like myself as I am. |
corresponds o---o---o---o--o-- o does not correspond |
|
43) |
I often worry that I have not been trying enough to achieve the proper result. |
corresponds o---o---o---o--o-- o does not correspond |
|
44) |
Thanks to my own activities, I feel more life. |
corresponds o---o---o---o--o-- o does not correspond |
|
45) |
I seldom know what I want. |
corresponds o---o---o---o--o-- o does not correspond |
|
46) |
I love living. |
corresponds o---o---o---o--o-- o does not correspond |
|
47) |
I seldom realize my intentions and plans. |
corresponds o---o---o---o--o-- o does not correspond |
|
48) |
I often have a feeling I am good for something. |
corresponds o---o---o---o--o-- o does not correspond |
|
49) |
I feel it is good that I am. |
corresponds o---o---o---o--o-- o does not correspond |
|
50) |
I am a successful person. |
corresponds o---o---o---o--o-- o does not correspond |
|
51) |
I like living. |
corresponds o---o---o---o--o-- o does not correspond |
|
52) |
I do not often know the tasks of my life. |
corresponds o---o---o---o--o-- o does not correspond |
|
53) |
I feel that I do not get the attention and warmth from other people. |
corresponds o---o---o---o--o-- o does not correspond |
|
54) |
I am often indecisive. |
corresponds o---o---o---o--o-- o does not correspond |
|
55) |
More often I know why I am doing it. |
corresponds o---o---o---o--o-- o does not correspond |
|
56) |
My life is meaningful. |
corresponds o---o---o---o--o-- o does not correspond |
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