Baulina Maria E.
Federal Scientific Center of Psychological and Multidisciplinary Research
Belkin, A.A.
Ural State Medical University, Clinical Institute of the Brain
Varako, N.A.
Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russian Centre of Neurology and Neurosciences
Vasyura, E.V.
Lomonosov Moscow State University
Kovyazina, M.S.
Lomonosov Moscow State University, Federal Scientific Center of Psychological and Multidisciplinary Research, Russian Centre of Neurology and Neurosciences
Lipovka, N.S.
Clinical Institute of the Brain
Nikitaeva, E.V.
National Research University of Additional Education and Professional Training named after K.D. Ushinsky
Propustina, V.A.
Lomonosov Moscow State University, Federal Scientific Center of Psychological and Multidisciplinary Research
Russkikh, O.A.
City Clinical Hospital No. 4, Academician E.A. Vagner Perm State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
Skvortsov, A.A.
Lomonosov Moscow State University, Federal Scientific Center of Psychological and Multidisciplinary Research
Stepanov, G.K.
Lomonosov Moscow State University, Federal Scientific Center of Psychological and Multidisciplinary Research
Terentiy, D.D.
Federal Scientific Center of Psychological and Multidisciplinary Research
Abstract
Background. Many patients who have suffered a stroke or traumatic brain injury experience a disorder characterized by the neglect of one half of the visual field or space (usually the left). Assessing these patients and helping them overcome unilateral neglect is crucial for clinical practice and for improving the quality of life for both the patients and their families. Even the simplest, most routine daily tasks — such as crossing the street, getting dressed, combing one’s hair, shaving, or selecting groceries — become a daily challenge for them.
Objectives. The objectives of this article were to identify criteria for the quality of neuropsychological diagnosis and rehabilitation of patients with Neglect syndrome, to justify these criteria for recommended use by practicing clinical psychologists.
Methods. The study is based on a theoretical analysis and systematization of the literature on the neuropsychological diagnosis and rehabilitation of neglect syndrome.
Results. Based on an analysis of applied research and practical guidelines, recommended diagnostic tools for identifying neglect syndrome are presented. Key areas and methods of rehabilitation work relying on top-down attentional processes and, consequently, voluntary regulation are highlighted.
Conclusions. The indicated diagnostic and rehabilitation methods may be useful in the practical work of a medical psychologist or neuropsychologist with patients in this category.
References
Albert, M.L. (1973). A simple test of visual neglect. Neurology, 23(6), 658–664.
Azouvi, P., Jacquin-Courtois, S., Luauté, J. (2017). Rehabilitation of unilateral neglect: Evidence-based medicine. Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 60(3), 191–197.
Azouvi, P., Olivier, S., de Montety, G., Samuel, C., Louis-Dreyfus, A., Tesio, L. (2003). Behavioral assessment of unilateral neglect: study of the psychometric properties of the Catherine Bergego Scale. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 84(1), 51–57.
Babenkova, S.V. (1971). Clinical syndromes of right hemisphere brain damage in acute stroke. Moscow: Meditsina Publ. (In Russ.)
Balashova, E.Yu., Kovyazina, M.S. (2013). Neuropsychological diagnostics in questions and answers. 2nd ed., revised and expanded. Moscow: Genezis Publishing House. (In Russ.)
Balashova, E.Yu., Kovyazina, M.S. (2016). Neuropsychological diagnostics. Classic stimulus materials: textbook. 6th ed. Moscow: Genezis Publishing House. (In Russ.)
Belkin, A.A., Aleksandrova, E.V., Akhutina, T.V., Belkin, V.A., Berdnikovich, E.S., Bykova, V.I., Varako, N.A., Voznyuk, I.A., Gnedovskaya, E.V., Grigorieva, V.N., Zaitsev, O.S., Zinchenko, Yu.P., Ivanova, G.E., Ivanova, N.E., Kovyazina, M.S., Kondratyev, A.N., Kondratyeva, E.A., Kondratyev, S.A., Krylov, V.V., Latyshev, Ya.A., Lebedinsky, K.M., Legostaeva, L.A., Maksakova, O.A., Martynov, M.Yu., Mikadze, Yu.V., Petrikov, S.S., Petrova, M.V., Piradov, M.A., Popugaev, K.A., Pryannikov, I.V., Ryabinkina, Yu.V., Savin, I.A., Sergeev, D.V., Sinkin, M.V., Skvortsov, A.A., Skripai, E.Yu., Suvorov, A.Yu., Suponeva, N.A., Usachev, D.Yu., Fufaeva, E.V., Shamalov, N.A., Shchegolev, A.V., Yazeva, E.G., Zabolotskikh, I.B. (2023). Chronic disorders of consciousness: clinical recommendations of the All-Russian public organization “Federation of Anesthesiologists and Reanimatologists”. Vestnik intensivnoi terapii imeni A.I. Saltanova = A.I. Saltanov Bulletin of Intensive Care, (3), 7–42. (In Russ.).
https://doi.org/10.21320/1818-474X-2023-3-7-42
Belkin, A.A., Avdyunina, I.A., Varako, N.A., Zinchenko, Yu.P., Voznyuk, I.A., Davydova, N.S., Zabolotskikh, I.B., Ivanova, G.E., Kondratyev, A.N., Leiderman, I.N., Lubnin, A.Yu., Petrikov, S.S., Piradov, M.A., Protsenko, D.N., Stakhovskaya, L.V., Suvorov, A.Yu., Suponeva, N.A., Shamalov, N.A., Shchegolev, A.V. (2017). Rehabilitation in intensive care: clinical recommendations. Vestnik vosstanovitelnoi meditsiny = Bulletin of Restorative Medicine, 78(2), 139–143. (In Russ.)
Belkin, A.A., Belkin, V.A., Zakharov, Ya.Yu., Pinchuk, E.A., Rudnik, E.N., Plaksina, A.N., Safonova, T.Yu., Borzunova, Yu.M. (2023). Scales and clinical metrics of the multidisciplinary rehabilitation team KIM 2.0. Ekaterinburg: UGMU Publishing House. (In Russ.)
Bonato, M., Cutini, S. (2016). Increased attentional load moves the left to the right. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 38(2), 158–170.
Bowen, A., Wenman, R. (2002). The rehabilitation of unilateral neglect: a review of the evidence. Reviews in Clinical Gerontology, 12(4), 357–373.
Bowie, C.R., Harvey, P.D. (2006). Administration and interpretation of the Trail Making Test. Nature Protocols, 1(5), 2277–2281.
Buxbaum, L.J., Ferraro, M.K., Veramonti, T., Farne, A., Whyte, J., Ladavas, E., Frassinetti, F., Coslett, H.B. (2004). Hemispatial neglect: Subtypes, neuroanatomy, and disability. Neurology, 62(5), 749–756.
Caramazza, A., Hillis, A. (199). Spatial representation of words in the brain implied by studies of a unilateral neglect patient. Nature, 346, 267–269.
Cicerone, K.D., Goldin, Y., Ganci, K., Rosenbaum, A., Wethe, J.V., Langenbahn, D.M., Malec, J.F., Bergquist, T.F., Kingsley, K., Nagele, D., Trexler, L., Fraas, M., Bogdanova, Y., Harley, J.P. (2019). Evidence-based cognitive rehabilitation: systematic review of the literature from 2009 through 2014. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 100(8), 1515–1533.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2019.02.011
Corbetta, M., Shulman, G.L. (2011). Spatial neglect and attention networks. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 34, 569–599.
Desimone, R., Duncan, J. (1995). Neural mechanisms of selective visual attention. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 18(1), 193–222.
Gauthier, L., Dehaut, F., Joanette, Y. (1989). The bells test: a quantitative and qualitative test for visual neglect. International Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology, 11(2), 49–54.
Glozman, Zh.M. (1990). Social rehabilitation of neurosurgical patients: the problem and assessment methods. Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriya 14. Psikhologiya = Lomonosov Psychology Journal, (1), 13–24. (In Russ.)
Grigorieva, V.N., Kovyazina, M.S., Tkhostov, A.Sh. (2013). Cognitive rehabilitation of patients with stroke and traumatic brain injury: monograph. 2nd ed. Nizhny Novgorod: Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy Publishing House. (In Russ.)
Havé, L., Priot, A.E., Pisella, L., Rode, G., Rossetti, Y. (2021). Unilateral body neglect: Schemas versus images. In: Body Schema and Body Image. (pp. 244–266). Oxford: Oxford University Press
Heilman, K., Valenstein, E., Watson, R. (2000). Neglect and related disorders. Seminars in Neurology, 4(2), 463–470.
Longley, V., Hazelton, C., Heal, C., Pollock, A., Woodward-Nutt, K., Mitchell, C., Pobric, G., Vail, A., Bowen, A. (2021). Non-pharmacological interventions for spatial neglect or inattention following stroke and other non-progressive brain injury. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 32(10), 2673–2678.
International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (Short version). (2001). World Health Organization. Saint Petersburg: Saint Petersburg Institute for Advanced Medical Studies Publishing House. (In Russ.)
International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems: 10th revision. In 3 volumes. Vol. 1. (2003). Moscow: Meditsina Publishing House. (In Russ.)
International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. Eleventh revision (ICD-11). (2023). World Health Organization. (In Russ.). URL:
https://icd.who.int/browse11 (accessed: 10.11.2025).
Kabanov, M.M. (1985). Rehabilitation of mentally ill patients. ed., expanded and revised. Leningrad: Meditsina: Leningradskoe otdelenie Publishing House. (In Russ.)
Kerkhoff, G., Keller, I., Artinger, F., Hildebrandt, H., Marquardt, C., Reinhart, S., Ziegler, W. (2012). Recovery from auditory and visual neglect after optokinetic stimulation with pursuit eye movements — transient modulation and enduring treatment effects. Neuropsychologia, 50(6), 1164–1177.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.09.032
Khokhlov, N.A., Vasyura, E.V. (2024). Diagnostics of auditory-speech asymmetry by the dichotic listening method: normative data. Asimmetriya, 18(2), 27–38. (In Russ.)
Khomskaya, E.D. (2005). Neuropsychology. 4th ed. Saint Petersburg: Piter Publishing House. (In Russ.)
Kovalchuk, V.V., Shvartsman, G.I., Gusev, A.O. (2013). Reasons for the necessity and methods of eliminating neglect and “push” syndromes in patients after stroke as factors hindering adequate rehabilitation. Mediko-sotsialnaya ekspertiza i reabilitatsiya = Medical-social assessment and rehabilitation, (2), 50–52. (In Russ.)
Kovyazina, M.S., Varako, N.A., Stepanov, G.K., Propustina, V.A., Yurina, D.D., Skvortsov, A.A., Vasilyeva, S.A., Daminov, V.D., Zinchenko, Yu.P. (2024). Theoretical foundations of using the “Mayak” visual search technique in the rehabilitation of patients with neglect syndrome. Lurian Journal, 5(3), 8–28. (In Russ.)
Kovyazina, M.S., Varako, N.A., Stepanov, G.K., Yurina, D.D., Propustina, V.A., Vasilyeva, S.A., Daminov, V.D., Zinchenko, Yu.P. (2025). The use of specialized neuropsychological training for the rehabilitation of patients with neglect syndrome. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, 18(2), 3–18.
https://doi.org/10.11621/pir.2025.0201
Laplane, D., Degos, J. (1983). Motor neglect. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 46(2), 152–158.
Lebedeva, S.O., Morozova, I.S. (2026). Features of cognitive process functioning in individuals with depressive disorders in the post-stroke period. Lomonosov Psychology Journal, 49(3), 172–194. (In Russ.).
https://doi.org/10.11621/LPJ-26-28
Luria, A.R. (2003). Fundamentals of neuropsychology: textbook for students of higher educational institutions. Moscow: Akademiya Publishing House. (In Russ.)
Marshall, R. (2009). Rehabilitation approaches to hemineglect. The Neurologist, 15(4), 185–192.
Mezzich, J.E., Zinchenko, Y.P., Krasnov, V.N., Pervichko, E.I., Kulygina, M.A. (2013). Person-centered approaches in medicine: clinical tasks, psychological paradigms, and postnonclassic perspective. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, 6(1), 95–109.
Moore, M.J., Milosevich, E., Mattingley, J.B., Demeyere, N. (2023). The neuroanatomy of visuospatial neglect: A systematic review and analysis of lesion-mapping methodology. Neuropsychologia, 180, 108470.
Niemeier, J. (1998). The Lighthouse Strategy: use of a visual imagery technique to treat visual inattention in stroke patient. Brain Injury, 12(5), 399–406.
https://doi.org/10.1080/026990598122511
Petukhova, A.V., Kovyazina, M.S. (2025). Stroke at a young age: statistical indicators, problematic issues and prospects for neuropsychological research. Teoreticheskaya i eksperimentalnaya psikhologiya = Theoretical and Experimental Psychology, 18(1), 141–157. (In Russ.).
https://doi.org/10.11621/TEP-25-08
Psychosomatics: corporeality and culture: textbook for universities. (2009). Ed. by V.V. Nikolaeva. Moscow: Akademicheskii proekt Publishing House. (In Russ.)
Qi, F., Nitsche, M.A., Ren, X., Wang, D., Wang, L. (2023). Top-down and bottom-up stimulation techniques combined with action observation treatment in stroke rehabilitation: a perspective. Frontiers in Neurology, 14, 1156987.
Rode, G., Pagliari, C., Huchon, L., Rossetti, Y., Pisella, L. (2017). Semiology of neglect: An update. Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 60(3), 177–185.
Shipkova, K.M., Bulygina, V.G. (2023). Neuropsychological and neurobiological foundations of higher cortical function restoration. Modular theory VS theory of systemic and dynamic localization of functions. Lomonosov Psychology Journal, 46(3), 166–88. (In Russ.)
Singh-Curry, V., Husain, M. (2010). Rehabilitation in practice: Hemispatial neglect: approaches to rehabilitation. Clinical Rehabilitation, 8, 675–684.
Socio-psychological aspect of rehabilitation of patients with aphasia. (1980). Ed. by L.S. Tsvetkova. Moscow: Moscow University Publishing House. (In Russ.)
Stepanov, G.K., Terentiy, D.D., Propustina, V.А., Skvortsov, A.A., Kovyazina, M.S., Varako, N.A., Bukinich, A.M., Vasyura, E.V. (2025). Neurorehabilitation of visual neglect: a narrative review of approaches from A.R. Luria to modern clinical protocols. Consortium Psychiatricum, 6(4), 71–81.
Terentii, D.D. (2025). Neuropsychological diagnostics of left-sided visual spatial neglect in brain lesions, including after combat trauma: dissertation of Candidate of Psychological Sciences. Moscow. (In Russ.)
Tsvetkova, L.S. (1979). Problems of aphasia and restorative learning. Moscow: Moscow University Publishing House. (In Russ.)
Varako, N., Kovyazina, M., Yurina, D., Propustina, V., Stepanov, G., Vasilyeva, S., Daminov, V., Skvortsov, A., Baulina, M., Zinchenko, Y. (2024). Visual-spatial search in neglect syndrome as a function of the number of stimuli in the hemifields. Healthcare, 12(23), 2387.
Varako, N.A., Propustina, V.A., Stepanov, G.K., Yurina, D.D., Kovyazina, M.S., Baulina, M.E., Skvortsov, A.A., Vasilyeva, S.A., Daminov, V.D. (2023). Visual-spatial search in tasks with verbal and nonverbal stimuli in patients with neglect syndrome. Rossiiskii psikhologicheskii zhurnal = Russian Psychological Journal, 20(4), 116–134. (In Russ.)
Vasyura, E., Kovyazina, M., Stepanov, G., Russkikh, O., Terentiy, D., Propustina, V., Skvortsov, A., Varako, N., Vasilyeva, S., Daminov, V., Zinchenko, Yu. (2025). Validation of the Keen Eye computer-based method for diagnosing visual neglect using a dual-task paradigm. PLoS One, 20(10), e0323832.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0323832
Vuilleumier, P. (2009). Hemispatial neglect. Cambridge University Press, 9, 148–197.
Wilson, B., Cockburn, J., Halligan, P. (1987). Development of a behavioral test of visuospatial neglect. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 68(2), 98–102.
Winson, R., Wilson, B.A., Bateman, A. (eds). (2016). The brain injury rehabilitation workbook. New York: Guilford Publications.
Xia, J., Merinder, L.B., Belgamwar, M.R. (2011). Psychoeducation for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 6, CD002831.
https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002831.pub2
Yurina, D.D., Propustina, V.A., Stepanov, G.K., Varako, N.A., Kovyazina, M.S., Skvortsov, A.A., Vasilyeva, S.A., Daminov, V.D., Zinchenko, Yu.P. (2025). Visual-spatial search in patients with neglect syndrome: development and approbation of a diagnostic method. Lomonosov Psychology Journal, 48(1), 126–154. (In Russ.)
Zeltzer, L., Menon, A., Korner-Bitensky, N., Sitcoff, E. (2008). Line bisection test. Stroke Engine. URL:
https://strokengine.ca/en/assessments/line-bisection-test/ (accessed: 08.02.2026).
Zeltzer, L., Menon, A., Korner-Bitensky, N., Sitcoff, E. (2017). Star cancellation test. URL:
http://www.strokengine.ca/psycho/sct_psycho/ (accessed: 08.02.2026).
Zinchenko, Yu.P., Pervichko, E.I. (2012). The Methodology of Syndrome Analysis within the Paradigm of “Qualitative Research” in Clinical Psychology. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, 5, 157–184.
Zinchenko, Yu.P., Pervichko, E.I. (2013). Nonclassical and Postnonclassical epistemology in Lev Vygotsky’s cultural-historical approach to clinical psychology. Psychology in Russia: State of the Art, 6(1), 43–56.
Zinchenko, Yu.P., Pervichko, E.I. (2016). Clinical-psychological study of emotion regulation: cultural-activity approach. Voprosy psikhologii, (3), 41–57. (In Russ.)
To cite this article:
Baulina Maria E., Belkin, A.A., Varako, N.A., Vasyura, E.V., Kovyazina, M.S. , Lipovka, N.S., Nikitaeva, E.V. , Propustina, V.A., Russkikh, O.A., Skvortsov, A.A., Stepanov, G.K., Terentiy, D.D..
Neuropsychological Diagnostics and Rehabilitation of Adult Patients with Syndrome of Unilateral Spatial Neglect in Diseases of the Brain of Various Etiology. // National Psychological Journal
2026. 4. Pages158–177. doi: 10.11621/npj.2026.0411
Copied to Clipboard
Copy