Recieved: 04/15/2023
Accepted: 02/26/2026
Published: 03/13/2026
Keywords: cognitive deficit; schizophrenia; attenuated psychotic symptoms; first episode; schizophrenia symptoms; cognitive functioning; review
Pages: 120–129
DOI: 10.11621/npj.2026.0209
Available online: 13.03.2026
Kafarov, E.R. (2026). Cognitive Impairments in Different Stages of Schizophrenia: Scoping Review. National Psychological Journal, 21(2) , 120–129. https://doi.org/10.11621/npj.2026.0209
Copied to Clipboard
CopyAmoretti, S., Rabelo-da-Ponte, F.D., Rosa, A.R., Mezquida, G., Sánchez-Torres, A.M., Fraguas, D., Cabrera, B., Lobo, A., González-Pinto, A., Pina-Camacho, L., Corripio, I., Vieta, E., Torrent, C., de la Serna, E., Bergé, D., Bioque, M., Garriga, M., Serra, M., Cuesta, M.J., Bernardo, M. (2021). Cognitive clusters in first-episode psychosis. Schizophrenia Research, 237, 31–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2021.08.021
Ayres, A.M., Busatto, G.F., Menezes, P.R., Schaufelberger, M.S., Coutinho, L., Murray, R.M., McGuire, P.K., Rushe, T., Scazufca, M. (2007). Cognitive deficits in first-episode psychosis: a population-based study in São Paulo, Brazil. Schizophrenia Research, 90(1-3), 338–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2006.09.026
Bachman, P., Reichenberg, A., Rice, P., Woolsey, M., Chaves, O., Martinez, D., Maples, N., Velligan, D.I., Glahn, D.C. (2010). Deconstructing processing speed deficits in schizophrenia: application of a Parametric Digit Symbol Coding Test. Schizophrenia Research, 118(1-3), 6–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2010.02.1029
Bergh, S., Hjorthøj, C., Sørensen, H.J., Fagerlund, B., Austin, S., Secher, R.G., Jepsen, J.R., Nordentoft, M. (2016). Predictors and longitudinal course of cognitive functioning in schizophrenia spectrum disorders, 10 years after Baseline: the OPUS study. Schizophrenia Research, 175(1-3), 57–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2016.03.025
Bora, E. (2015). Neurodevelopmental origin of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine, 45(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291714001263
Bora, E., Yalincetin, B., Akdede, B.B., Alptekin, K. (2018). Duration of untreated psychosis and neurocognition in first-episode psychosis: a meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Research, 193, 3–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2017.06.021
Breier, A. (1999). Cognitive deficit in schizophrenia and its neurochemical basis. The British Journal of Psychiatry. Supplement, (37), 16–18.
Carrión, R.E., Walder, D.J., Auther, A.M., McLaughlin, D., Zyla, H.O., Adelsheim, S., Calkins, R., Carter, C.S., McFarland, B., Melton, R., Niendam, T., Ragland, J.D., Sale, T.G., Taylor, S.F., McFarlane, W.R., Cornblatt, B.A. (2018). From the psychosis prodrome to the first-episode of psychosis: no evidence of a cognitive decline. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 96, 231–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.10.014
Carruthers, S.P., Van Rheenen, T.E., Gurvich, C., Sumner, P.J., Rossell, S.L. (2019). Characterising the structure of cognitive heterogeneity in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. A systematic review and narrative synthesis. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 107, 252–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.09.006
Dickinson, D., Ramsey, M.E., Gold, J.M. (2007). Overlooking the obvious: a meta-analytic comparison of digit symbol coding tasks and other cognitive measures in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(5), 532–542. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.64.5.532
Dickson, H., Laurens, K.R., Cullen, A.E., Hodgins, S. (2012). Meta-analyses of cognitive and motor function in youth aged 16 years and younger who subsequently develop schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine, 42(4), 743–755. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291711001693
Fateev, Y.S., Omel'chenko, M.A., Migalina, V.V., Pluzhnikov, I.V., Kaleda, V.G. (2021). Neurocognitive functioning in youth patients with depression with attenuated schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. Psikhicheskoe zdorov'e = Mental Health, 16(1), 12–21. (In Russ.)
Filatova, T.V. (2000). Features of cognitive activity in endogenous depressions with "juvenile asthenic failure" (neuropsychological study). Diss. Cand. (Psychol.). Moscow. (In Russ.)
Fusar-Poli, P., Deste, G., Smieskova, R., Barlati, S., Yung, A.R., Howes, O., Stieglitz, R.-D., Vita, A., McGuire, P., Borgwardt, S. (2012). Cognitive functioning in prodromal psychosis: a meta-analysis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 69(6), 562–571. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.1592
Gaebel, W. (2017). Debate: Is the concept of schizophrenia useful? Pro. European Psychiatry, 41(S1), S2–S2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.011
Goghari, V.M., Brett, C., Tabraham, P., Johns, L., Valmaggia, L., Broome, M., Woolley, J., Bramon, E., Howes, O., Byrne, M., McGuire, P. (2014). Spatial working memory ability in individuals at ultra high risk for psychosis. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 50, 100–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.12.010
Green, M.J., Girshkin, L., Kremerskothen, K., Watkeys, O., Quidé, Y. (2020). A systematic review of studies reporting data-driven cognitive subtypes across the psychosis spectrum. Neuropsychology Review, 30(4), 446–460. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-019-09422-7
Hawkins, K.A., Addington, J., Keefe, R.S.E., Christensen, B., Perkins, D.O., Zipurksy, R., Woods, S.W., Miller, T.J., Marquez, E., Breier, A., McGlashan, T.H. (2004). Neuropsychological status of subjects at high risk for a first episode of psychosis. Schizophrenia Research, 67(2-3), 115–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2003.08.007
Heckers, S. (2013). What is the core of schizophrenia? JAMA Psychiatry, 70(10), 1009–1010.
Helling, I., Ohman, A., Hultman, C.M. (2003). School achievements and schizophrenia: a case-control study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 108(5), 381–386. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0447.2003.00151.x
Kahn, R.S., Keefe, R.S. (2013). Schizophrenia is a cognitive illness: time for a change in focus. JAMA Psychiatry, 70(10), 1107–1112. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.155
Kaleda, V.G., Meleshko, T.K., Kritskaya, V.P., Barkhatova, A.N. (2007). Pathopsychological features of patients who underwent a manifest attack of juvenile endogenous psychosis (clinical and psychological analysis). Psikhiatriya = Psychiatry, (1), 27–33. (In Russ.)
Kaleda, V.G., Pluzhnikov, I.V., Oleichik, I.V., Krylova, E.S., Omel'chenko, M.A., Sergeeva, O.E. (2013). Neuropsychological approach to the study of cognitive deficit in mental disorders of youth. Psikhiatriya = Psychiatry, (3), 16–23. (In Russ.)
Karyakina, M.V., Shmukler, A.B. (2020). Neurocognitive impairments in patients with schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum disorders: cluster analysis results. Obozrenie psikhiatrii i meditsinskoi psikhologii imeni V.M. Bekhtereva = V.M. Bekhterev Review of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, (1), 45–51. (In Russ.)
Keefe, R.S. (2008). Should cognitive impairment be included in the diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia? World Psychiatry: Official Journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA), 7(1), 22–28. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2051-5545.2008.tb00142.x
Keefe, R.S., Harvey, P.D. (2012). Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, (213), 11–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25758-2_2
Keefe, R.S., Perkins, D.O., Gu, H., Zipursky, R.B., Christensen, B.K., Lieberman, J.A. (2006). A longitudinal study of neurocognitive function in individuals at-risk for psychosis. Schizophrenia Research, 88(1-3), 26–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2006.06.041
Khandaker, G.M., Barnett, J.H., White, I.R., Jones, P.B. (2011). A quantitative meta-analysis of population-based studies of premorbid intelligence and schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 132(2-3), 220–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2011.06.017
Kritskaya, V.P., Meleshko, T.K., Polyakov, Yu.F. (1991). Pathology of mental activity in schizophrenia: motivation, generalization, cognition. Moscow: Moscow Univ. Press. (In Russ.)
Lieberman, J., Jody, D., Geisler, S., Alvir, J., Loebel, A., Szymanski, S., Woerner, M., Borenstein, M. (1993). Time course and biologic correlates of treatment response in first-episode schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50(5), 369–376. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820170047006
Lim, K., Smucny, J., Barch, D.M., Lam, M., Keefe, R.S., Lee, J. (2021). Cognitive subtyping in schizophrenia: A latent profile analysis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 47(3), 712–721. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa157
Liu, C.C., Hua, M.S., Hwang, T.J., Chiu, C.Y., Liu, C.M., Hsieh, M.H., Chien, Y.L., Lin, Y.T., Hwu, H.G. (2015). Neurocognitive functioning of subjects with putative pre-psychotic states and early psychosis. Schizophrenia Research, 164(1-3), 40–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2015.03.006
MacKenzie, L.E., Patterson, V.C., Zwicker, A., Drobinin, V., Fisher, H.L., Abidi, S., Greve, A.N., Bagnell, A., Propper, L., Alda, M., Pavlova, B., Uher, R. (2017). Hot and cold executive functions in youth with psychotic symptoms. Psychological Medicine, 47(16), 2844–2853. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291717001374
Mam-Lam-Fook, C., Danset-Alexandre, C., Pedron, L., Amado, I., Gaillard, R., Krebs, M.O. (2017). Neuropsychology of subjects with ultra-high risk (UHR) of psychosis: A critical analysis of the literature. L'Encephale, 43(3), 241–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.encep.2017.02.001
McCleery, A., Ventura, J., Kern, R.S., Subotnik, K.L., Gretchen-Doorly, D., Green, M.F., Hellemann, G.S., Nuechterlein, K.H. (2014). Cognitive functioning in first-episode schizophrenia: MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) profile of impairment. Schizophrenia Research, 157(1-3), 33–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2014.04.039
Mesholam-Gately, R.I., Giuliano, A.J., Goff, K.P., Faraone, S.V., Seidman, L.J. (2009). Neurocognition in first-episode schizophrenia: a meta-analytic review. Neuropsychology, 23(3), 315–336. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014708
Murray, R.M., Lewis, S.W. (1987). Is schizophrenia a neurodevelopmental disorder? British Medical Journal (Clinical Research ed.), (295), 681–682. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.295.6600.681
Musalek, M. (2017). Debate: Is the concept of schizophrenia useful? Con. European Psychiatry, 41(S1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.012
Omelchenko, M.A., Atadzhykova, Yu.A., Migalina, V.V., Nikiforova, I.Yu., Kaleda, V.G. (2021). Clinical and pathopsychological features of youth depression with attenuated schizophrenic symptoms. Zhurnal Nevrologii i Psikhiatrii Imeni S.S. Korsakova = S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry, 121(5), 12–18. (In Russ.)
Owen, M.J., O'Donovan, M.C., Thapar, A., Craddock, N. (2011). Neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science, 198(3), 173–175. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.110.084384
Polyakov, Yu.F. (1974). Pathology of cognitive activity in schizophrenia. Moscow: Medicine Publ. (In Russ.)
Rumyantsev, A.O. (2018). Attenuated psychotic symptoms in the structure of juvenile depression: clinical-psychopathological, clinical-pathogenetic and prognostic aspects. Summ. Diss. Cand. (Med.). Moscow. (In Russ.)
Rumyantsev, A.О., Omel'chenko, М.A., Meleshko, Т.К., Kaleda, V.G. (2018). Youth Depression with Attenuated Psychotic Symptoms (clinical and psychological analysis). Psikhiatriya = Psychiatry, (2), 64–72. (In Russ.)
Rund, B.R. (2014). Does active psychosis cause neurobiological pathology? A critical review of the neurotoxicity hypothesis. Psychological Medicine, 44(8), 1577–1590. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291713002341
Rund, B.R., Barder, H.E., Evensen, J., Haahr, U., Hegelstad, W.T.V., Joa, I., Johannessen, J.O., Langeveld, J., Larsen, T.K., Melle, I., Opjordsmoen, S., Røssberg, J.I., Simonsen, E., Sundet, K., Vaglum, P., McGlashan, T., Friis, S. (2016). Neurocognition and duration of psychosis: A 10-year follow-up of first-episode patients. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 42(1), 87–95. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbv083
Rund, B.R., Melle, I., Friis, S., Larsen, T.K., Midbøe, L.J., Opjordsmoen, S., Simonsen, E., Vaglum, P., McGlashan, T. (2004). Neurocognitive dysfunction in first-episode psychosis: correlates with symptoms, premorbid adjustment, and duration of untreated psychosis. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(3), 466–472. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.161.3.466
Seidman, L.J., Cherkerzian, S., Goldstein, J.M., Agnew-Blais, J., Tsuang, M.T., Buka, S.L. (2013). Neuropsychological performance and family history in children at age 7 who develop adult schizophrenia or bipolar psychosis in the New England family studies. Psychological Medicine, 43(1), 119–131. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291712000773
Seidman, L.J., Giuliano, A.J., Meyer, E.C., Addington, J., Cadenhead, K.S., Cannon, T.D., McGlashan, T.H., Perkins, D.O., Tsuang, M.T., Walker, E.F., Woods, S.W., Bearden, C.E., Christensen, B.K., Hawkins, K., Heaton, R., Keefe, R.S.E., Heinssen, R., Cornblatt, B.A., North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study (NAPLS) group (2010). Neuropsychology of the Prodrome to Psychosis in the NAPLS Consortium: Relationship to Family History and Conversion to Psychosis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67(6), 578–588. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.66
Sheffield, J.M., Karcher, N.R., Barch, D.M. (2018). Cognitive deficits in psychotic disorders: a lifespan perspective. Neuropsychology Review, 28(4), 509–533. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-018-9388-2
Sheitman, B.B., Lieberman, J.A. (1998). The natural history and pathophysiology of treatment resistant schizophrenia. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 32(3-4), 143–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3956(97)00052-6
Smerchinskaya, E.M., Tregubenko, I.A., Isaeva, E.R. (2026). Diagnostic Value of the Structural Characteristics of Written Speech in Patients with Schizophrenia. National Psychological Journal, 21(1), 30–43. https://doi.org/10.11621/npj.2026.0103
Stefanatou, P., Karatosidi, C.S., Tsompanaki, E., Kattoulas, E., Stefanis, N.C., Smyrnis, N. (2018). Premorbid adjustment predictors of cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 267, 249–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.06.029
Testa, R., Pantelis, C. (2009). The role of executive functions in psychiatric disorders. In: S.J. Wood, N.B. Allen, C. Pantelis, (eds.). The Neuropsychology of Mental Illness. (pp. 117–137). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tregubenko, I.A., Isaeva, E.R., Mukhitova, Y.V., Shoshina, I.I. (2021). Psychophysiological approach to the diagnostics of cognitive processes in schizophrenia. Vestnik psikhoterapii = The Bulletin of Psychotherapy, (77), 84–98. (In Russ.)
Weinberger, D.R. (1986). The pathogenesis of schizophrenia: A neurodevelopmental theory. In: H.A. Nasrallah, D.R. Weinberger, (eds.). The Neurology of Schizophrenia. (pp. 397–406). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publ.
Wyatt, R.J. (1991). Neuroleptics and the natural course of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 17(2), 325–351. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/17.2.325
Zaitseva, Y.S. (2007). The value of the indicator "Duration of untreated psychosis" in the first psychotic episode of schizophrenia. Sotsial'naya i klinicheskaya psikhiatriya = Social and Clinical Psychiatry, 17(1), 72–79. (In Russ.)
Zaitseva, Y.S., Korsakova, N.K., Gurovich, I.Y. (2013). Neurocognitive functioning in the initial stages of schizophrenia and cognitive remediation. Sotsial'naya i klinicheskaya psikhiatriya = Social and Clinical Psychiatry, 23(4), 76–87. (In Russ.)
Kafarov, E.R.. Cognitive Impairments in Different Stages of Schizophrenia: Scoping Review. // National Psychological Journal 2026. 2. Pages120–129. doi: 10.11621/npj.2026.0209
Copied to Clipboard
Copy