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Психологический дайджест
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Дружба у дошкольников и младших школьников: обзор диагностического инструментария

Дружба у дошкольников и младших школьников: обзор диагностического инструментария

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Поступила: 01.06.2026

Принята к публикации: 14.08.2026

Дата публикации в журнале: 29.09.2026

Ключевые слова: дружба; друзья; отношения сверстников; качество дружбы; дошкольники; младшие школьники; дети; диагностика

Страницы: 8–26

DOI: 10.11621/npj.2026.0401

Доступно в on-line версии с: 29.09.2026

Для цитирования статьи:

Зинченко, Ю.П., Кортава, Т.А., Веракса, А.Н., Джансаидова, Ж.Н. (2026). Дружба у дошкольников и младших школьников: обзор диагностического инструментария. Национальный психологический журнал, 21(4), 8–26. https://doi.org/10.11621/npj.2026.0401/

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Зинченко Юрий Петрович Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова, Федеральный научный центр психологических и междисциплинарных исследований

Кортава Татьяна Владимировна Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова

Веракса Александр Николаевич Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова, Федеральный научный центр психологических и междисциплинарных исследований

Джансаидова Жамиля Нурмановна Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова, Федеральный научный центр психологических и междисциплинарных исследований

Аннотация

Актуальность. Дружеские отношения играют важную роль в социально-эмоциональном развитии ребенка. Изучение особенностей дружбы в дошкольном и младшем школьном возрасте, а также их связи с различными компонентами развития и благополучия ребенка ограничено в связи с недостаточной разработанностью диагностического инструментария, направленного на оценку дружеских отношений.


Цель. Целью настоящего исследования является обзор методов диагностики дружеских отношений детей 4–10 лет, используемых в отечественных и зарубежных исследованиях с 1990 года.


Методы. Поиск источников был осуществлен в научных базах данных Google Scholar, eLIBRARY и ScienceDirect, всего было найдено 898 публикаций (834 англоязычных и 64 русскоязычных). В результате применения критериев отбора источников всего в обзор было включено 89 публикаций.


Результаты. Анализ использованных в рассмотренных исследованиях инструментов оценки дружеских отношений позволил выделить четыре группы наиболее распространенных методов: социометрические методы, опросники, наблюдение и беседа. Социометрия является наиболее распространенным инструментом, однако ее ограничения обусловливают ее использование преимущественно как первого этапа диагностики. Опросники позволяют оценить качественные характеристики дружбы, но применимы с детьми более старшего возраста. Наблюдение обладает высокой экологической валидностью и позволяет фиксировать поведенческие проявления дружбы, однако является трудоемким в проведении. Беседа дает возможность изучить детскую перспективу понимания дружбы, но ограничена возрастными речевыми возможностями и затрудняет сопоставление данных. Результаты обзора могут быть полезны для подбора диагностического инструментария в исследованиях дружбы дошкольников и младших школьников, а также для разработки новых методов диагностики, позволяющих преодолеть ограничения существующих инструментов.


Выводы. При планировании будущих исследований необходимо учитывать преимущества и ограничения существующих методов, их соответствие изучаемым аспектам дружбы, возрастную применимость и культурную валидность.

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Зинченко, Ю.П., Кортава, Т.А., Веракса, А.Н., Джансаидова, Ж.Н.Дружба у дошкольников и младших школьников: обзор диагностического инструментария. // Национальный психологический журнал. 2026. № 4. , 8–26. doi: 10.11621/npj.2026.0401

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